Original source spelling · punctuation belongs to the digital witness · pronunciation tools follow your language focus.
A route through this passage
76 Han characters · 43 distinct forms · 14 units separated by the witness’s punctuation
- Establish the frame. Read the surrounding chapter. Who speaks, what is being discussed, and which earlier words supply the context?
- Test one unit.
傷國者何也？
Mark a possible predicate and its participants. Record what you have supplied rather than found explicitly in the text. - Reconstruct the argument. Connect the units in your own words. Where does a description, question, contrast, or consequence depend on your interpretation?
Investigate 8 written forms in this passage
Matched by spelling. These are candidate reading procedures, not assigned grammatical analyses.
傷國者何也？Locate the unknown ↗以非所取於民而巧，Keep different negatives apart ↗以非所取於民而巧，Focus on what an action concerns ↗以非所取於民而巧，Locate a relation ↗Watch recurrence: 國 × 6 傷 × 5 也 × 4 而 × 4 是 × 4 以 × 3. Repetition of a graph need not mean repetition of a sense.
Computed from this exact witness · Contextual interpretation awaits editorial review. The guide is a set of reading prompts, not a translation. Sources & methods
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Use the reading guide above, build your interpretation, then test what you can recover. Your notes and schedule stay on this device.
1 · Explain it in your own words
2 · Recover the wording
Select a source unit, then hide the passage and reconstruct it. This checks textual recall, not understanding.
3 · Explain, then revisit
Without the source in front of you, explain the passage’s main point and one choice you made in reading it. Then reopen the text and check the evidence.
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Shared wording
Computed exact phrases in the pinned witnesses. These links do not assign a sense or assert borrowing.
韓非子 · 說疑第四十四國之主也所為使者，異國之主也；所為談者，左右之人也。主說其言而辯其辭，以此人者天下之賢士也。內外之於左右，其諷一
荀子 · 王霸篇第十一正其所以焉，外則不憚詐其與而求大利焉，內不脩正其所以有，啖啖然常欲人之有。
荀子 · 王霸篇第十一大國之主大國之主也，不隆本行，不敬舊法，而好詐故，若是，則夫朝廷群臣亦從而成俗於不隆禮義而好傾覆也。
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Edition, source, and reuse
- Work
- 荀子 · Xunzi
- Attribution
- Traditionally associated with Xun Kuang; the received collection contains multiple textual layers.
- Digital witness
- Kanseki Repository · KR3a0002 · base edition tls
- Contributors
- Kanseki Repository (Kanripo) contributors; upstream base-edition labels retained in each original file.
- Source position
- KR3a0002_011.txt, lines 1048–1060. XUN 11:13a:1, Beida p.186;Knoblock 2:168
- Version
e18a27621ef434940a368defd29e00eee205dfd2- Reuse
- CC BY-SA 4.0. Text extraction and teaching additions share this licence.
- Text policy
- Source spelling and punctuation retained. Encoding headers, page markers, paragraph markers, whitespace, and leading section numbers are removed from the reading view. No silent script conversion or textual correction.
- Teaching
- zimai · AI-assisted editorial notes. English renderings are excerpt-level reading aids, not a full published translation. Editorial pilot · not independently reviewed.
Source-file SHA-256: 0c7e4ec785ef57e191f984fc5415184c719dc190e1f67c14d32d0d3e6afba882. A source comment that cites a translator is an upstream reference, not the attribution of a translation imported here.