Keep the sources close.
Consulted entries, retained data versions, and exact claim links. References found inside a source are not treated as independently read.
New scholarly data: historical readings, phonetic and semantic components ↗
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 日
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z
Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.
Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord. · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 月
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 肉
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 木
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 水
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 人
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 心
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 情
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 言
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 青
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 清
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 行
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 東
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 15
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 后
Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.
形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 林
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 森
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 18
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 晴
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 晴 (A01807)
Modern 青 component; qíng; weather senses; 晴 itself not listed in Shuowen.
說文釋形, 字樣說明, 漢語拼音 and 釋義 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 請
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 21
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 请
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 22
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 明
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 23
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 东
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 24
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 好
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 25
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 好 (A00883)
Early 女/子 component arrangement could occur in either order; hǎo and hào readings.
金周生, 𡥃 (A00883-001), 內容 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 愛
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 27
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 愛
The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.
A01404, 字樣說明 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 爱
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 29
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 重
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 30
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 樂
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 31
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂
Sense-specific readings, including literary yào and place-name lào.
Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂山樂水
Reading yào shān yào shuǐ and the idiom’s reference to different temperaments.
Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 33
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 乐
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 34
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 發
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 35
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 髮
Taiwan dictionary reading fǎ for head hair.
漢語拼音; definition 1 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 36
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 发
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 37
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 髮
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 38
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 頭髮
Taiwan dictionary reading tóu fǎ and meaning head hair.
Hanyu Pinyin; Interpretation · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Dictionary, 髮 headwords index
Taiwan pronunciation fǎ xíng for 髮型.
Row 10: 髮型; ㄈㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
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CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 後
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 41
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 後
The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.
A01287, 字樣說明 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 42
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 學
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 43
Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 學生
Taiwan dictionary full-tone reading xué shēng.
漢語拼音; definition 1 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 44
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 学
Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.
Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 45
Unicode Han Database (Unihan) · 17.0.0
Radical-stroke, total strokes, readings, variants, kTGH, other exact fields for 32 pilot characters
17.0.0 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
- 46
Unicode Character Database CJKRadicals · 17.0.0
See the linked record for its scope.
17.0.0 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
- 47
Make Me a Hanzi · bddc96d41bef
Only graphics.txt stroke paths and medians. No dictionary.txt imported.
bddc96d41bef78427ed0e034e9f7e31d71fd1b92 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
- 48
Noto Serif CJK SC Regular · v2.003
Modern CJK typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.
f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
- 49
Noto Serif CJK TC Regular · v2.003
Modern Taiwan traditional-Chinese typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.
f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c · Accessed 2026-10-12 · permitted
- 50
Unicode Standard Annex #38, Unicode 17.0.0, revision 39
Jyutping property definition, customary-reading selection, collation/transliteration purpose and reading limitations. Matches the pinned Unicode 17.0.0 dataset.
kCantonese; section 3.4 Readings; final approved revision dated 2025-08-21 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 51
The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong — Jyutping Cantonese Romanization Scheme
Jyutping uses tone digits 1–6 after syllables; LSHK recommends plain ASCII digits rather than superscript or subscript styling.
The Jyutping Scheme; Tone; note dated 2022-03-05 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 52
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — usage guide
Cantonese readings require word and sense distinctions; the database documents multiple readings and their evidence.
8. 粵語審音配詞 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 53
Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣台語常用詞辭典
Official Taiwanese Hokkien reference destination; current title 臺灣台語常用詞辭典.
Official dictionary home and dictionary navigation · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 54
Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺羅標注說明
The dictionary uses Tâi-lô and describes the difference between citation tones and connected-speech tone changes.
Opening paragraph; 一般聲調; 連讀變調 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 55
Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語辭典
Official Hakka reference destination; current title 臺灣客語辭典.
Official dictionary home · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 56
Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語辭典: 標音原則
Dictionary follows the Taiwan Hakka Romanization System revised 2024-08-26 and documents separate variety-specific tone behavior.
Paragraph one; separately headed variety sections · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 57
Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語拼音學習手冊電子書
The six separately documented Taiwan Hakka varieties named in the Hakka tab.
Six named variety links: 四縣、海陸、大埔、饒平、詔安、南四縣 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 58
The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press — 潮州方言詞匯
Published Chaozhou vocabulary reference with comparative Mandarin material; book catalog link only, not an imported dictionary.
Publisher's book description · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 59
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — other regional readings
Locality-specific scholarly sound tables; Shanghai, Hangzhou and Wenzhou under Wu; Nanchang and Lichuan under Gan; Changsha and Xiangtan under Xiang; separate Min locations.
其他方語讀音簡介; 20個方言點列表 · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 60
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Shantou syllable table
Separate Shantou reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.
[閩語] 汕頭 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 61
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Shanghai syllable table
Shanghai-specific Wu reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.
[吳語] 上海 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 62
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Fuzhou syllable table
Fuzhou-specific reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.
[閩語] 福州 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 63
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Nanchang syllable table
Nanchang-specific Gan reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.
[贛語] 南昌 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 64
CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Changsha syllable table
Changsha-specific Xiang reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.
[湘語] 長沙 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 65
Chen, Chen, Wang and Cui (2019) — Vowel effects on the perception of nasal place of articulation in Wuxi Wu and Fuqing Min
Primary phonetic research identifies Fuzhou within Eastern Min and distinguishes the nearby Fuqing variety.
Page 1, introduction, paragraph beginning Fuqing Min · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
- 66
zimai modern decomposition records · v0.1.0
Original, explicit graphical analyses of modern forms. Flat parts may overlap in complex forms and are not a historical derivation. Every record retains its layout and qualifications.
CharacterRecord.structure and DecompositionRecord · Accessed 2026-10-12 · original editorial
- 67
zimai editorial topic assignments · v0.1.0
Editorial associations between named modern senses and topic collections. Not common origin or measured semantic distance.
sense_in_topic relations; each names its senseId · Accessed 2026-10-12 · original editorial
- 68
Unicode Standard Annex #38 · revision 41
Property definitions, limitations of character conversion, and the 2013 standard-list coverage axis. Data imported separately from the deliberately pinned Unicode 17.0 release.
§3.6, §3.7.1, kTGH definition · Accessed 2026-10-12 · link only
Rare components and Classical glyphs
Zimai Rare Han and Zimai IDS are renamed subsets of BabelStone Han 16.0.3, by Andrew West and Arphic Technology, under the Arphic Public License. Zimai Classical Supplement is a renamed four-glyph subset of HanaMinB 20170904, by the GlyphWiki Project, using its SIL Open Font License 1.1 option. Original dual-licence text is retained. Glyph outlines are unchanged; these modern font forms are not historical facsimiles. IDS provenance · Classical font provenance.