{ "schemaVersion": "0.1.0", "generatedFrom": "retained research inputs", "reviewedAt": "2026-10-12", "characters": [ { "char": "日", "pinyin": [ "rì" ], "gloss": "sun; day; date", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "日 connects the light in the sky with the way days are counted. In 日光 it refers to sunlight; in 生日 it helps name a birthday; after a month and number it marks a calendar date. The familiar rectangle is the modern written shape, not a literal drawing lesson. CUHK interprets the early graph as a depiction of the sun. For reading today, the useful distinction is between the celestial body, daylight, and a unit of time. Learn the whole word around 日: that context tells you which meaning is active.", "senses": [ { "reading": "rì", "meaning": "The sun or its light. In ordinary conversation the sun itself is usually 太陽 / 太阳; 日 appears especially in compounds.", "words": [ { "traditional": "日光", "simplified": "日光", "pinyin": "rìguāng", "meaning": "sunlight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日光 [ri4 guang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "日出", "simplified": "日出", "pinyin": "rìchū", "meaning": "sunrise", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日出 [ri4 chu1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "日落", "simplified": "日落", "pinyin": "rìluò", "meaning": "sunset", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日落 [ri4 luo4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:65E5:1" }, { "reading": "rì", "meaning": "A day, a calendar date, or daily occurrence. 日 after a number is common in written dates; everyday spoken dates also use 號 / 号.", "words": [ { "traditional": "日期", "simplified": "日期", "pinyin": "rìqī", "meaning": "calendar date", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日期 [ri4 qi1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "生日", "simplified": "生日", "pinyin": "shēngrì", "meaning": "birthday", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "生日 [sheng1 ri4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "日常", "simplified": "日常", "pinyin": "rìcháng", "meaning": "daily; everyday", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日常 [ri4 chang2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:65E5:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "Treat 日 as a whole component here. Its modern form has an outer rectangle with one horizontal line inside. Recognizing those strokes helps distinguish it from 目, with two inner horizontal lines. Breaking 日 into a box and a line is a description of the present shape; it does not establish two independent historical components." }, "history": [ { "title": "A solar graph", "text": "CUHK identifies the early graph as a depiction of the sun and discusses both rounded and angular forms. Its cited oracle-bone examples already include uses for the sun, daytime, and a day as a unit of time. This source therefore supports an early range of uses, rather than a claim that all time-related senses were invented only after the modern rectangular form appeared.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-65e5" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Reading a traditional explanation", "text": "The CUHK entry also quotes the Shuowen and distinguishes its sound-based explanation using 實 from the graph’s original pictorial interpretation. zimai reports that distinction as the database’s analysis; it does not treat a Han-period dictionary explanation as an eyewitness account of invention.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-65e5" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "日 is used in both standard simplified and traditional writing. This identity belongs to this character; neighboring characters in a word can still change. Thus 日曆 / 日历 has two word spellings even though 日 itself stays the same. The present portrait covers the ordinary Mandarin reading rì.", "confusions": [ { "with": "曰", "explanation": "曰 is a separate character, commonly read yuē in literary quotation. It is generally wider and flatter; do not identify either graph only by a font’s proportions." }, { "with": "目", "explanation": "目 mù means eye and has two internal horizontal strokes. 日 has one. Similar outlines do not make them interchangeable." } ], "topics": [ "time", "light" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "今天是十月十二日。", "simplified": "今天是十月十二日。", "pinyin": "Jīntiān shì shí yuè shí'èr rì.", "translation": "Today is October 12.", "provenance": { "id": "e-25f0efbc9225bd6b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-25f0efbc9225bd6b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我們每天早上看日出。", "simplified": "我们每天早上看日出。", "pinyin": "Wǒmen měitiān zǎoshang kàn rìchū.", "translation": "We watch the sunrise every morning.", "provenance": { "id": "e-fa987ff31eccd91f", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-fa987ff31eccd91f", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-65e5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 日", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%97%A5", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:65E5", "codepoint": "U+65E5", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:65E5" ], "radical": "日", "radicalNumber": 72, "radicalKey": "72", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 4, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+65E5 kRSUnicode=72.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 112, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "jat6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+65E5 kCantonese=jat6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "月", "pinyin": [ "yuè" ], "gloss": "moon; month", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "月 names both the moon and the month. 月亮 is the ordinary word for the moon; a number before 月 usually names a month, as in 一月, January. Duration works differently: 一個月 / 一个月 means one month. The connection is meaningful, but a modern calendar month is not simply the visible moon drawn on a page. CUHK interprets early 月 forms as crescent-like and connects the calendar sense with the moon’s cycle. When 月 appears inside another character, inspect that character separately: a similar-looking part does not always represent the moon.", "senses": [ { "reading": "yuè", "meaning": "The moon and moonlight. These words describe what is seen in the sky, rather than a numbered calendar month.", "words": [ { "traditional": "月亮", "simplified": "月亮", "pinyin": "yuèliang", "meaning": "the moon", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月亮 [yue4 liang5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "月光", "simplified": "月光", "pinyin": "yuèguāng", "meaning": "moonlight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月光 [yue4 guang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "月餅", "simplified": "月饼", "pinyin": "yuèbǐng", "meaning": "mooncake", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月餅 [yue4 bing3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6708:1" }, { "reading": "yuè", "meaning": "A month, monthly period, or numbered month. A month name and a duration require different sentence patterns.", "words": [ { "traditional": "月份", "simplified": "月份", "pinyin": "yuèfèn", "meaning": "month", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月份 [yue4 fen4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "一月", "simplified": "一月", "pinyin": "yī yuè", "meaning": "January; first month", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "一月 [Yi1 yue4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "月薪", "simplified": "月薪", "pinyin": "yuèxīn", "meaning": "monthly pay", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6708:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "月 is treated as a whole component. Its lower opening and two short inner strokes distinguish its modern shape from the closed rectangle of 日. A component that looks like 月 must be identified in context: graphical resemblance alone does not decide whether a particular character belongs to a moon-related historical family." }, "history": [ { "title": "Moon and calendar", "text": "CUHK describes the oracle-bone and bronze forms as representations of a half moon and cites early uses for both the celestial body and months. It links the month sense to the cycle of waxing and waning. These are examples cited by the database, not a claim that the surviving examples establish the date when people first named months.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6708" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Related early shapes", "text": "The entry attributes to Qiu Xigui an account of differentiation between 月 and 夕 from earlier overlapping shapes. Their modern distinction should therefore be learned alongside, not substituted for, the historical discussion.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6708" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "The character 月 is shared by simplified and traditional writing. 月餅 / 月饼 changes only its second character. Modern Mandarin yuè remains the reading in both moon-related and calendar-related compounds; word context decides the sense. Regional conventions can affect neighboring characters and vocabulary without changing this encoded character.", "confusions": [ { "with": "肉", "explanation": "CUHK’s 肉 entry describes historical convergence between flesh-related and moon-like shapes. Many body-related characters contain a 月-shaped form of 肉, not the moon. This is a historical distinction that a shape-only search cannot settle.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8089" ] }, { "with": "日", "explanation": "日 rì is sun or day; 月 yuè is moon or month. Their association in calendars does not make their meanings identical." } ], "topics": [ "time", "light" ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6708", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 月", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9C%88", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-8089", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 肉", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%82%89", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] } ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "月光照在水面上。", "simplified": "月光照在水面上。", "pinyin": "Yuèguāng zhào zài shuǐmiàn shàng.", "translation": "Moonlight falls on the surface of the water.", "provenance": { "id": "e-5872b755234a9d06", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-5872b755234a9d06", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我下個月去上海。", "simplified": "我下个月去上海。", "pinyin": "Wǒ xià ge yuè qù Shànghǎi.", "translation": "I am going to Shanghai next month.", "provenance": { "id": "e-48a3a8db8cbfd0c5", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-48a3a8db8cbfd0c5", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:6708", "codepoint": "U+6708", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6708" ], "radical": "月", "radicalNumber": 74, "radicalKey": "74", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 4, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6708 kRSUnicode=74.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 150, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "jyut6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6708 kCantonese=jyut6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "木", "pinyin": [ "mù" ], "gloss": "tree; wood", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "木 links a living tree with the material obtained from trees. Modern words make the distinction clearer: 樹木 / 树木 refers to trees, while 木材 is wood as material and 木匠 a carpenter. CUHK interprets early 木 as a whole tree, with branches above and roots below. That historical interpretation is different from splitting the modern strokes into unrelated smaller characters. 木 is also useful for exploring larger forms such as 林 and 森. Their repeated shape is visible immediately; their individual histories still deserve their own source-backed accounts.", "senses": [ { "reading": "mù", "meaning": "Trees or woody vegetation. 木 commonly works within a larger word; it is not always the everyday standalone noun for a particular tree.", "words": [ { "traditional": "樹木", "simplified": "树木", "pinyin": "shùmù", "meaning": "trees", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "樹木 [shu4 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "草木", "simplified": "草木", "pinyin": "cǎomù", "meaning": "vegetation; plants", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "草木 [cao3 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6728:1" }, { "reading": "mù", "meaning": "Wood as material and work involving it. The compound can identify a substance, an object, or a craft.", "words": [ { "traditional": "木材", "simplified": "木材", "pinyin": "mùcái", "meaning": "wood; timber", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木材 [mu4 cai2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "木頭", "simplified": "木头", "pinyin": "mùtou", "meaning": "wood; a piece of wood", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木頭 [mu4 tou5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "木匠", "simplified": "木匠", "pinyin": "mùjiàng", "meaning": "carpenter", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木匠 [mu4 jiang4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6728:2" }, { "reading": "mù", "meaning": "Lack of sensation or responsiveness in the word 麻木. A useful reminder that a compound’s meaning need not remain a literal tree image.", "label": "extended use", "words": [ { "traditional": "麻木", "simplified": "麻木", "pinyin": "mámù", "meaning": "numb; unresponsive", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6728:3" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "For this portrait 木 is a single whole component, with a central upright stroke, a cross-stroke, and two spreading lower strokes. Compare it with 本 and 末 by looking for the added or lengthened horizontal stroke. Those visual comparisons are useful modern analysis; they should not be turned into unsourced stories about how all related characters arose." }, "history": [ { "title": "A whole tree", "text": "CUHK reads oracle-bone and bronze 木 as a tree with branches and roots. It explicitly challenges the idea that the graph was historically assembled from 屮 plus another part merely because those modern or transmitted shapes resemble one another. The account supports treating 木 as a whole pictorial graph.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6728" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Uses beyond a picture", "text": "The entry cites early uses for trees and also for names of places or groups. A graph with a pictorial starting point can function in a writing system far beyond labeling the object it once depicted.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6728" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "木 is shared by traditional and simplified writing. Some common words containing it change elsewhere, including 樹木 / 树木 and 木頭 / 木头. Recognition of 木 is therefore useful across both writing systems. The shapes shown in the modern comparison are printed characters, not replicas of ancient inscriptions.", "confusions": [ { "with": "本", "explanation": "本 běn includes a short added horizontal stroke near the bottom of 木. It is a separate character, including in 本子, notebook." }, { "with": "未 / 末", "explanation": "Both have an extra horizontal line. 未 wèi and 末 mò are distinguished by the relative lengths and positions of their upper horizontal strokes; neither is simply another spelling of 木." } ], "topics": [ "plants" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這張桌子是木頭做的。", "simplified": "这张桌子是木头做的。", "pinyin": "Zhè zhāng zhuōzi shì mùtou zuò de.", "translation": "This table is made of wood.", "provenance": { "id": "e-f7e5ed9850c7aaf4", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-f7e5ed9850c7aaf4", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "木材放在屋裡。", "simplified": "木材放在屋里。", "pinyin": "Mùcái fàng zài wū lǐ.", "translation": "The timber is kept inside the house.", "provenance": { "id": "e-eb885f850fe63ea9", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-eb885f850fe63ea9", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6728", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 木", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9C%A8", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:6728", "codepoint": "U+6728", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6728" ], "radical": "木", "radicalNumber": 75, "radicalKey": "75", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 4, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6728 kRSUnicode=75.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 87, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "muk6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6728 kCantonese=muk6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "林", "pinyin": [ "lín" ], "gloss": "woods; a grove; a gathering", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "林 is the character for woods or a grove, usually met inside words such as 樹林 / 树林 and 森林. Its two visible 木 shapes offer an unusually direct connection between the modern form and the historical explanation: CUHK describes trees standing together. Two drawn trees do not mean a woodland must contain exactly two trees. Repeated shapes can express a collection. In present-day reading, learn the whole word: 林業 / 林业 concerns forestry, while 林 also occurs as the surname Lín. The same written form is used in simplified and traditional Chinese.", "senses": [ { "reading": "lín", "meaning": "Woods, woodland, or a grove", "words": [ { "traditional": "樹林", "simplified": "树林", "pinyin": "shù lín", "meaning": "woods; a grove", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "森林", "simplified": "森林", "pinyin": "sēn lín", "meaning": "forest", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "林地", "simplified": "林地", "pinyin": "lín dì", "meaning": "woodland", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6797:1" }, { "reading": "lín", "meaning": "Related to forests", "words": [ { "traditional": "林業", "simplified": "林业", "pinyin": "lín yè", "meaning": "forestry", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6797:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "木", "木" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "Two 木 components stand side by side. The left component narrows to make room for its neighbor. This modern decomposition agrees with the broad historical account, but exact glyph proportions vary by period and writing convention." }, "history": [ { "title": "Trees standing together", "text": "CUHK reads the early graph as two trees side by side, expressing a group of trees. Its dossier cites oracle-bone uses as names of places or polities and bronze uses referring to a forest. The earliest uses cited on a page need not exhaust the character’s history.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6797" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Meaning is established by context", "text": "The dossier also records borrowed uses for other words in early texts. A graph’s visible shape therefore does not determine the meaning of every inscription in which it occurs.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6797" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "林 itself does not change between the two modern form conventions. Neighboring characters may change: 樹林 becomes 树林 and 林業 becomes 林业. Treat conversion at word level.", "confusions": [ { "with": "森", "explanation": "林 has two 木 shapes side by side; 森 has three, with one above two. Both occur together in 森林, but they are not freely interchangeable in every word." } ], "topics": [ "plants" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "我們沿著樹林邊的小路走。", "simplified": "我们沿着树林边的小路走。", "pinyin": "Wǒmen yánzhe shùlín biān de xiǎolù zǒu.", "translation": "We walk along the path beside the woods.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-22fc36f3f8a0727e", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-22fc36f3f8a0727e", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "這片林地需要保護。", "simplified": "这片林地需要保护。", "pinyin": "Zhè piàn líndì xūyào bǎohù.", "translation": "This woodland needs protection.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-a46a6e9eec8d242c", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-a46a6e9eec8d242c", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6797", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 林", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9E%97", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:6797", "codepoint": "U+6797", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6797" ], "radical": "木", "radicalNumber": 75, "radicalKey": "75", "residualStrokes": 4, "strokes": 8, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6797 kRSUnicode=75.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 1018, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "lam4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6797 kCantonese=lam4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "森", "pinyin": [ "sēn" ], "gloss": "densely wooded; dense; forbidding", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "森 brings three 木 shapes together, and the familiar word 森林 means forest. Beyond trees, it can suggest density or an imposing atmosphere. Compare 森嚴 / 森严 for strict, tight arrangements and 陰森 / 阴森 for something gloomy or eerie. These are established word meanings, not definitions to calculate by counting trees. CUHK interprets the repeated trees as an expression of multitude. That makes 森 a useful introduction to graphical repetition, provided we do not turn it into a universal rule for interpreting every repeated component in Chinese writing.", "senses": [ { "reading": "sēn", "meaning": "Densely wooded; dense or numerous", "words": [ { "traditional": "森林", "simplified": "森林", "pinyin": "sēn lín", "meaning": "forest", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "森然", "simplified": "森然", "pinyin": "sēn rán", "meaning": "dense; imposing", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:68EE:1" }, { "reading": "sēn", "meaning": "Forbidding, strict, or gloomy, in compounds", "words": [ { "traditional": "森嚴", "simplified": "森严", "pinyin": "sēn yán", "meaning": "strict; tightly guarded", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "陰森", "simplified": "阴森", "pinyin": "yīn sēn", "meaning": "gloomy; eerie", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:68EE:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "木", "林" ], "layout": "top-bottom", "note": "At the first level, 木 sits above 林; opening 林 reveals two further 木 components. The full form therefore contains three trees, but the atlas should distinguish direct components from components found one level deeper." }, "history": [ { "title": "Three expresses many", "text": "CUHK interprets the graph as three trees, with repetition expressing many rather than a literal count. It connects later uses to multitude and to the darkness of dense woodland.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-68ee" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "An early occurrence has an uncertain context", "text": "The cited oracle-bone occurrence is fragmentary; CUHK suggests a place-name interpretation but does not treat that reading as settled. This portrait consequently does not attach a secure forest meaning to that particular inscription.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-68ee" ], "status": "unresolved" } ], "formsNote": "森 is shared by simplified and traditional writing. The altered character in 森嚴 / 森严 is 嚴 / 严, not 森. Its Mandarin reading here is sēn; names in other languages require their own pronunciation layer.", "confusions": [ { "with": "林", "explanation": "The extra upper 木 is the distinguishing feature. 林 is a common forest-related element in compounds; 森 also appears in words describing a forbidding atmosphere." } ], "topics": [ "plants" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "清晨，森林裡很安靜。", "simplified": "清晨，森林里很安静。", "pinyin": "Qīngchén, sēnlín lǐ hěn ānjìng.", "translation": "The forest is very quiet in the early morning.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-b2cd848d886e221a", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-b2cd848d886e221a", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "這條小路有點陰森。", "simplified": "这条小路有点阴森。", "pinyin": "Zhè tiáo xiǎolù yǒudiǎn yīnsēn.", "translation": "This path is a little eerie.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-22c7e6e01134e733", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-22c7e6e01134e733", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-68ee", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 森", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%A3%AE", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:68EE", "codepoint": "U+68EE", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:68EE" ], "radical": "木", "radicalNumber": 75, "radicalKey": "75", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 12, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+68EE kRSUnicode=75.8; kTotalStrokes=12", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 2567, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "sam1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+68EE kCantonese=sam1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "水", "pinyin": [ "shuǐ" ], "gloss": "water", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "水 is the ordinary word for water and a productive part of words about liquids, rivers, and everyday life. 河水 is river water; 水面 is the water’s surface; 開水 / 开水 is water that has been boiled or is boiling. Some compounds need to be learned as words: 水果 means fruit, and 水平 can describe someone’s level of ability. CUHK interprets early 水 as flowing water. In many modern characters the related component appears as 氵 on the left, as in 清. Its position and role must still be checked character by character.", "senses": [ { "reading": "shuǐ", "meaning": "Water as a substance, including water in a river or water prepared for drinking. A description such as clear water is not by itself a statement about drinking safety.", "words": [ { "traditional": "河水", "simplified": "河水", "pinyin": "héshuǐ", "meaning": "river water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "河水 [he2 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "清水", "simplified": "清水", "pinyin": "qīngshuǐ", "meaning": "clear water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清水 [qing1 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "開水", "simplified": "开水", "pinyin": "kāishuǐ", "meaning": "boiled or boiling water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "開水 [kai1 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6C34:1" }, { "reading": "shuǐ", "meaning": "Compounds involving water, surfaces, or conventional extended meanings. Read the whole compound before choosing an English translation.", "words": [ { "traditional": "水面", "simplified": "水面", "pinyin": "shuǐmiàn", "meaning": "water surface", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水面 [shui3 mian4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "水果", "simplified": "水果", "pinyin": "shuǐguǒ", "meaning": "fruit", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水果 [shui3 guo3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "水平", "simplified": "水平", "pinyin": "shuǐpíng", "meaning": "level; standard; horizontal", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水平 [shui3 ping2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6C34:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "The standalone character 水 has a central hooked stroke and strokes to either side. 氵 is a contextual component form commonly placed on the left of another character; it is not a separate word with an invented independent pronunciation. Recognizing the relationship helps you move between standalone 水 and characters containing 氵 while keeping their different written shapes clear." }, "history": [ { "title": "A flow with side marks", "text": "CUHK describes early 水 with a central line representing flowing water and side marks interpreted as drops. It notes variation in the number and arrangement of those marks in oracle-bone and bronze writing. There is no need to manufacture a single perfectly regular sequence from those varied forms.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6c34" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "What the evidence can say", "text": "The database cites an oracle-bone example about a large flood and also discusses other early uses. This introductory portrait uses the clearly supported water account; disputed readings of specialist inscription passages remain outside its current scope.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6c34" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "水 has the same encoded form in standard traditional and simplified Chinese. In compounds such as 開水 / 开水, other characters change. The presence of 氵 can be a useful clue when learning a modern character, but zimai requires separate evidence before labeling any particular relation as a historical semantic component.", "confusions": [ { "with": "氵", "explanation": "This is the common left-side component form associated with 水, not an interchangeable standalone spelling in an ordinary sentence." }, { "with": "氺", "explanation": "This shape can appear as a lower component. A component’s placement changes how it is drawn; it should not be assigned a new standalone word merely because it has a distinct shape." } ], "topics": [ "water" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "請給我一杯水。", "simplified": "请给我一杯水。", "pinyin": "Qǐng gěi wǒ yī bēi shuǐ.", "translation": "Please give me a glass of water.", "provenance": { "id": "e-5b3ddd9df2025873", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-5b3ddd9df2025873", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "雨後，河水漲了。", "simplified": "雨后，河水涨了。", "pinyin": "Yǔ hòu, héshuǐ zhǎng le.", "translation": "After the rain, the river rose.", "provenance": { "id": "e-695b75db31d69bbd", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-695b75db31d69bbd", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6c34", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 水", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%B0%B4", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:6C34", "codepoint": "U+6C34", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6C34" ], "radical": "水", "radicalNumber": 85, "radicalKey": "85", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 4, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6C34 kRSUnicode=85.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 117, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "seoi2" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6C34 kCantonese=seoi2", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "人", "pinyin": [ "rén" ], "gloss": "person; people", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "人 means a person or people, depending on context. Chinese does not require this noun to change shape whenever the number changes: 一個人 / 一个人 is one person, while 很多人 means many people. Compounds identify relationships and groups, including 家人, family members, and 工人, workers. CUHK interprets the early graph as a person seen from the side with the arms lowered. The modern two-stroke shape is much more compact. Inside other characters, a common related shape is 亻, but the function of that component needs to be established for each character.", "senses": [ { "reading": "rén", "meaning": "A human being, people, or humanity. Number is usually supplied by the surrounding phrase rather than by changing 人 itself.", "words": [ { "traditional": "人口", "simplified": "人口", "pinyin": "rénkǒu", "meaning": "population", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人口 [ren2 kou3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "人們", "simplified": "人们", "pinyin": "rénmen", "meaning": "people", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人們 [ren2 men5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "人類", "simplified": "人类", "pinyin": "rénlèi", "meaning": "humanity; the human species", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人類 [ren2 lei4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4EBA:1" }, { "reading": "rén", "meaning": "A person identified through relationship, occupation, or contrast with oneself. These are ordinary words, not literal labels reconstructed from ancient pictures.", "words": [ { "traditional": "家人", "simplified": "家人", "pinyin": "jiārén", "meaning": "family member; family", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "家人 [jia1 ren2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "工人", "simplified": "工人", "pinyin": "gōngrén", "meaning": "worker", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "工人 [gong1 ren2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "別人", "simplified": "别人", "pinyin": "biéren", "meaning": "other people; someone else", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "別人 [bie2 ren5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4EBA:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "人 is treated as a single component. Its two strokes spread down from their meeting point. The left-side form 亻 is narrower because it occupies only part of a character square. A graph may contain 人 or 亻 visibly without that observation alone explaining the full character’s origin or pronunciation." }, "history": [ { "title": "A person in profile", "text": "CUHK describes the early graph as a person viewed from the side, standing with lowered arms. It cites oracle-bone uses referring to people and the ruler’s self-designation, and bronze uses including common people. This supports a human reference in early writing without requiring a modern stick-figure reconstruction.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4eba" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Graph and use", "text": "The entry also notes early name-related and borrowed uses. Its account reminds readers that the object represented by a graph and every use of that graph are not necessarily the same question.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4eba" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "人 remains the same in standard simplified and traditional writing. 人們 / 人们 and 人類 / 人类 differ in the second character. The suffix 們 / 们 does not supply a universal English-style plural rule: 很多人 is already plural in meaning without it. Learn such patterns at the phrase level.", "confusions": [ { "with": "入", "explanation": "入 rù means to enter. The strokes meet differently from 人; take particular care in handwriting and small fonts." }, { "with": "八", "explanation": "八 bā means eight. Its upper strokes are normally separated, unlike the joined upper meeting of 人." }, { "with": "亻", "explanation": "亻 is a contextual component form associated with 人. It normally occupies the left-hand part of a larger character and is not used in place of 人 as an ordinary word." } ], "topics": [ "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "公園裡有很多人。", "simplified": "公园里有很多人。", "pinyin": "Gōngyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō rén.", "translation": "There are many people in the park.", "provenance": { "id": "e-dd1f6a2e5cd0e66a", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-dd1f6a2e5cd0e66a", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我的家人都住在這裡。", "simplified": "我的家人都住在这里。", "pinyin": "Wǒ de jiārén dōu zhù zài zhèlǐ.", "translation": "My family all live here.", "provenance": { "id": "e-9a07c6fff507968b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-9a07c6fff507968b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-4eba", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 人", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%BA%BA", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:4EBA", "codepoint": "U+4EBA", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:4EBA" ], "radical": "人", "radicalNumber": 9, "radicalKey": "9", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 2, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4EBA kRSUnicode=9.0; kTotalStrokes=2", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 10, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "jan4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+4EBA kCantonese=jan4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "心", "pinyin": [ "xīn" ], "gloss": "heart; mind; intention", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "心 belongs to both the body and inner life. 心臟 / 心脏 names the physical heart; 心情 describes a mood; 決心 / 决心 expresses determination. English translations therefore change with the word: rendering every 心 as heart can obscure what a sentence actually says. CUHK interprets early forms as depictions of the heart and cites early uses connected with thought or intention. In modern writing, 心 can also appear as the narrower component 忄, as in 情. The visible relationship is useful, while each larger character needs its own account of meaning and sound.", "senses": [ { "reading": "xīn", "meaning": "The physical heart or the center of something. These senses share a character but should be translated according to the whole word.", "words": [ { "traditional": "心臟", "simplified": "心脏", "pinyin": "xīnzàng", "meaning": "the heart (organ)", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "心臟 [xin1 zang4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "中心", "simplified": "中心", "pinyin": "zhōngxīn", "meaning": "center; core", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "中心 [zhong1 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5FC3:1" }, { "reading": "xīn", "meaning": "Feeling, attention, care, and intention. The selected words illustrate distinct functions: a mood, a warning to be careful, concern for someone, and resolve.", "words": [ { "traditional": "心情", "simplified": "心情", "pinyin": "xīnqíng", "meaning": "mood; state of mind", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "心情 [xin1 qing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "小心", "simplified": "小心", "pinyin": "xiǎoxīn", "meaning": "be careful", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "小心 [xiao3 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "關心", "simplified": "关心", "pinyin": "guānxīn", "meaning": "care about; be concerned about", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "關心 [guan1 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "決心", "simplified": "决心", "pinyin": "juéxīn", "meaning": "determination; resolve", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "決心 [jue2 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5FC3:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "The modern standalone 心 has a curved hook and detached dots. It is treated here as one whole component. 忄 is a common left-side form; the difference is graphical and positional, not a change into a separate everyday word. In 情, the relationship between 心 and 忄 is separate from the historical phonetic role of the other component, 青." }, "history": [ { "title": "The heart in early writing", "text": "CUHK interprets the oracle-bone, bronze, and seal forms as representations of the heart, while noting changes in detail. It also discusses earlier misidentifications of some forms as 貝. zimai follows the entry’s identification, without claiming to have independently re-read the original inscriptions.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5fc3" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Thought as an early use", "text": "The entry cites an oracle-bone phrase interpreted as the king having an intention to campaign. It also records a borrowed use for a river name. The coexistence of such uses warns against assuming that every ancient occurrence must denote the bodily organ.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5fc3" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "心 is shared by standard traditional and simplified Chinese. Changes in neighboring characters produce pairs such as 關心 / 关心 and 決心 / 决心. Learn the meaning of each word rather than equating the writing system with a fixed philosophical claim that thought belongs to one organ.", "confusions": [ { "with": "忄", "explanation": "忄 is the common left-side component shape related to 心. It should connect to the component record, while retaining its own visible shape." }, { "with": "必", "explanation": "必 bì is a separate character with a diagonal stroke through the center. A quick resemblance to 心 does not license deleting or adding that stroke." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "她今天心情很好。", "simplified": "她今天心情很好。", "pinyin": "Tā jīntiān xīnqíng hěn hǎo.", "translation": "She is in a very good mood today.", "provenance": { "id": "e-8610a88343844b24", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-8610a88343844b24", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "過馬路要小心。", "simplified": "过马路要小心。", "pinyin": "Guò mǎlù yào xiǎoxīn.", "translation": "Be careful when crossing the road.", "provenance": { "id": "e-0928b262de9c76c9", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-0928b262de9c76c9", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-5fc3", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 心", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%BF%83", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-60c5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 情", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%83%85", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:5FC3", "codepoint": "U+5FC3", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5FC3" ], "radical": "心", "radicalNumber": 61, "radicalKey": "61", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 4, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5FC3 kRSUnicode=61.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 174, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "sam1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+5FC3 kCantonese=sam1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "言", "pinyin": [ "yán" ], "gloss": "speech; words; to speak", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "言 connects language, speech, and something that has been said. In 語言 / 语言 it helps form the word language; 發言 / 发言 means to speak or make a statement; 留言 is to leave a message. It is not always a natural replacement for the everyday verb 說 / 说. CUHK presents a historical interpretation involving 舌 and an added mark, while also quoting a different analysis in the Shuowen. The modern shape alone cannot settle that history. In simplified writing, the left-side component corresponding to 言 is often 讠, although standalone 言 itself stays unchanged.", "senses": [ { "reading": "yán", "meaning": "Language, words, or speech. The order of characters matters: 語言 and 言語 overlap in topic but are distinct words.", "words": [ { "traditional": "語言", "simplified": "语言", "pinyin": "yǔyán", "meaning": "language", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "語言 [yu3 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "言語", "simplified": "言语", "pinyin": "yányǔ", "meaning": "words; speech", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "言語 [yan2 yu3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "名言", "simplified": "名言", "pinyin": "míngyán", "meaning": "well-known saying", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "名言 [ming2 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "謊言", "simplified": "谎言", "pinyin": "huǎngyán", "meaning": "a lie", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "謊言 [huang3 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8A00:1" }, { "reading": "yán", "meaning": "Speaking or leaving a verbal or written statement. The compound supplies the ordinary modern action, register, and context.", "words": [ { "traditional": "發言", "simplified": "发言", "pinyin": "fāyán", "meaning": "to speak; make a statement", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "發言 [fa1 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "留言", "simplified": "留言", "pinyin": "liúyán", "meaning": "leave a message; a message", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "留言 [liu2 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8A00:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "口" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "A 口-shaped element is visible beneath the upper strokes. This is a deliberately partial modern analysis, not a claim that 口 alone explains the entire graph’s origin. Standalone 言 and a left-side 言 component occupy different amounts of space. 讠 is the simplified component form used in such characters as 请; it is not the simplified spelling of standalone 言." }, "history": [ { "title": "An attributed early analysis", "text": "CUHK analyzes the early graph using 舌 and an added horizontal mark, citing Yu Xingwu for the interpretation that the mark indicates speech issuing from the tongue. The entry also describes additional short strokes in later bronze forms. This is reported as a scholarly account, not as an anatomical picture visible in every modern font.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8a00" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Different historical explanations", "text": "The same entry quotes the Shuowen’s analysis involving 口 and a phonetic element. Keeping these attributions visible prevents a later dictionary’s component analysis from being silently equated with the interpretation of earlier inscriptions.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8a00" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "言 remains 言 in both standard writing systems. Other characters in its words may change: 語言 / 语言, 發言 / 发言, and 謊言 / 谎言. Component simplification is a different relationship from whole-character identity. Seeing 讠 in 请 does not mean that standalone 言 has disappeared from simplified Chinese.", "confusions": [ { "with": "讠", "explanation": "讠 is a contextual simplified component. Do not replace standalone 言 with it when writing the word 語言 / 语言." }, { "with": "語 / 语", "explanation": "語 / 语 yǔ is another character used in language-related words. Shared topic and shared component do not make its reading identical to yán." } ], "topics": [ "speech" ], "gaps": [ "The two historical analyses are reported through CUHK; the underlying specialist publications have not been independently consulted.", "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "他正在學習一門新的語言。", "simplified": "他正在学习一门新的语言。", "pinyin": "Tā zhèngzài xuéxí yī mén xīn de yǔyán.", "translation": "He is learning a new language.", "provenance": { "id": "e-6e5b67979afb0b7d", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-6e5b67979afb0b7d", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "你可以在這裡留言。", "simplified": "你可以在这里留言。", "pinyin": "Nǐ kěyǐ zài zhèlǐ liúyán.", "translation": "You can leave a message here.", "provenance": { "id": "e-9630142b546275a3", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-9630142b546275a3", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-8a00", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 言", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A8%80", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:8A00", "codepoint": "U+8A00", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8A00" ], "radical": "言", "radicalNumber": 149, "radicalKey": "149", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 7, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8A00 kRSUnicode=149.0; kTotalStrokes=7", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 826, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "jin4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+8A00 kCantonese=jin4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "青", "pinyin": [ "qīng" ], "gloss": "blue-green; youthful", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "青 cannot be translated with one English color word in every context. 青草 is green grass, 青色 commonly names a blue-green color, and 青年 refers to young people. The word around the character matters more than a single color swatch. 青 is also a valuable entry into a sound family: it contributes historically to characters such as 清 and 情, whose other components and modern readings differ. Its own origin needs care. CUHK explicitly says that the initial motivation of its construction is unclear, even while discussing interpretations involving growing plants and color.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qīng", "meaning": "Color in context. English green or blue-green may fit different compounds; do not impose a precise modern color coordinate on all historical and literary uses.", "words": [ { "traditional": "青色", "simplified": "青色", "pinyin": "qīngsè", "meaning": "blue-green; cyan", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青色 [qing1 se4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "青草", "simplified": "青草", "pinyin": "qīngcǎo", "meaning": "green grass", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青草 [qing1 cao3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "青山", "simplified": "青山", "pinyin": "qīngshān", "meaning": "green hills", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青山 [qing1 shan1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "青菜", "simplified": "青菜", "pinyin": "qīngcài", "meaning": "green vegetables", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青菜 [qing1 cai4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:9752:1" }, { "reading": "qīng", "meaning": "Youth or youthfulness. This is an established lexical use, not an instruction to translate a person’s age as a color.", "words": [ { "traditional": "青年", "simplified": "青年", "pinyin": "qīngnián", "meaning": "young people; youth", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青年 [qing1 nian2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "青春", "simplified": "青春", "pinyin": "qīngchūn", "meaning": "youth; youthfulness", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青春 [qing1 chun1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:9752:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "龶", "月" ], "layout": "top-bottom", "note": "For modern visual orientation, 青 can be shown with an upper 龶-shaped part over a 月-shaped lower part. This is a graphical decomposition only. The lower part must not be labeled moon as a historical claim. CUHK’s discussion of earlier forms instead involves 生, 丹, and related historical shapes." }, "history": [ { "title": "An origin left open", "text": "CUHK states that the original motivation of 青’s construction is unclear. It describes early components in terms of 生 and 丹, discusses a plant-color interpretation, and records a competing stone-color explanation. The entry favors the former while retaining uncertainty. zimai therefore does not present either account as a demonstrated origin.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9752" ], "status": "unresolved" }, { "title": "Use and construction are separate", "text": "The database discusses early uses for names and color, as well as readings of the graph for other words in particular texts. Those uses can be recorded without pretending that they resolve every question about why the original graph took its shape.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9752" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "青 is shared by standard simplified and traditional writing. It is not an abbreviation of 清 or 情. Its own reading qīng is one modern member of a broader sound pattern; shared historical phonetic material does not promise that all related characters have the same initial consonant or tone today.", "confusions": [ { "with": "清", "explanation": "清 qīng adds 氵 and commonly concerns clarity or cleanliness. The shared reading does not make 青 and 清 interchangeable." }, { "with": "情", "explanation": "情 qíng has 忄 and a second tone in ordinary Mandarin. It commonly concerns feeling or circumstances." }, { "with": "月", "explanation": "A 月-like lower shape in modern 青 is not evidence that the character means something assembled from a moon and its upper strokes." } ], "topics": [ "plants", "light", "people" ], "gaps": [ "Independent specialist comparison of the competing origin accounts remains open. No exact historical reconstruction is supplied.", "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "遠處的青山被霧遮住了。", "simplified": "远处的青山被雾遮住了。", "pinyin": "Yuǎnchù de qīngshān bèi wù zhēzhù le.", "translation": "Mist has hidden the green hills in the distance.", "provenance": { "id": "e-726e82f4018fa623", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-726e82f4018fa623", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "青菜洗好了。", "simplified": "青菜洗好了。", "pinyin": "Qīngcài xǐ hǎo le.", "translation": "The vegetables have been washed.", "provenance": { "id": "e-ee858fb9935ff2c5", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-ee858fb9935ff2c5", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-9752", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 青", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%9D%92", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6e05", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 清", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%B8%85", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-60c5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 情", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%83%85", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "understandSourceIds": [ "cuhk-9752", "cuhk-6e05", "cuhk-60c5" ], "id": "char:9752", "codepoint": "U+9752", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9752" ], "radical": "靑", "radicalNumber": 174, "radicalKey": "174", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 8, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+9752 kRSUnicode=174.0; kTotalStrokes=8", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 947, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+9752 kCantonese=cing1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "清", "pinyin": [ "qīng" ], "gloss": "clear; clean; distinct", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "清 is a good place to see meaning and sound working together. The left side is 氵, the water component; the right side is 青. CUHK explicitly interprets the historical construction as water-related meaning with 青 providing sound, and connects its basic sense with clear water. In contemporary words that idea reaches beyond water: 清楚 is clear or understandable, 清潔 / 清洁 means clean, and 清醒 describes being awake or clear-headed. 青 is therefore not simply a second meaning word to add to water. Its historical phonetic role is the important relationship here.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qīng", "meaning": "Clear water, cleanliness, or removing disorder. The exact action or quality belongs to the word as a whole.", "words": [ { "traditional": "清水", "simplified": "清水", "pinyin": "qīngshuǐ", "meaning": "clear water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清水 [qing1 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "清潔", "simplified": "清洁", "pinyin": "qīngjié", "meaning": "clean; to clean", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清潔 [qing1 jie2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "清理", "simplified": "清理", "pinyin": "qīnglǐ", "meaning": "tidy up; clear away", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清理 [qing1 li3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6E05:1" }, { "reading": "qīng", "meaning": "Clarity of perception or understanding. These words describe whether something is distinct or a person is mentally alert.", "words": [ { "traditional": "清楚", "simplified": "清楚", "pinyin": "qīngchu", "meaning": "clear; understand clearly", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清楚 [qing1 chu5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "清醒", "simplified": "清醒", "pinyin": "qīngxǐng", "meaning": "awake; clear-headed", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清醒 [qing1 xing3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6E05:2" }, { "reading": "qīng", "meaning": "The Qing dynasty as a proper name. This historical name is a separate lexical use, not a definition of the water component.", "label": "proper name", "words": [ { "traditional": "清朝", "simplified": "清朝", "pinyin": "Qīngcháo", "meaning": "the Qing dynasty", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6E05:3" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "氵", "青" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "The modern direct components are 氵 on the left and 青 on the right. The historical roles are separately supported by the CUHK entry: water as the semantic component and 青 as the phonetic component. Indexing 清 under water, noticing its shape, and explaining its historical construction are related but distinct assertions." }, "history": [ { "title": "Meaning and sound", "text": "CUHK’s discussion states that bronze and manuscript forms combine 水 with phonetic 青 and identifies clear water as the basic sense. It also quotes the Shuowen’s corresponding semantic-phonetic analysis. This supports a historical sound-family edge from 清 to 青, rather than a family assembled solely from modern pronunciation.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6e05" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Limits of the early record", "text": "The entry says the meaning in the bronze inscription is unclear, while citing manuscript uses for purity and a borrowed use corresponding to 靜. The uncertainty concerns particular attestations; it does not justify inventing an oracle-bone specimen or a continuous chain of dated shapes.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6e05" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "清 is shared by standard traditional and simplified Chinese. 清潔 / 清洁 differs only in its second character. Within the pilot sound family, qīng in 清, qíng in 情, qíng in 晴, and qǐng in 請 / 请 are modern readings of different words; tone changes must remain attached to the correct character and word.", "confusions": [ { "with": "青", "explanation": "青 lacks the left-hand water component and has its own color and youth-related uses. Both commonly read qīng, so listening alone does not determine the spelling." }, { "with": "情 / 晴", "explanation": "情 has 忄 and 晴 has 日. Their left components and senses differ from 清, even though all contain 青." } ], "topics": [ "water", "learning" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這裡的河水很清。", "simplified": "这里的河水很清。", "pinyin": "Zhèlǐ de héshuǐ hěn qīng.", "translation": "The river water here is very clear.", "provenance": { "id": "e-7c7a5dad063be616", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-7c7a5dad063be616", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "請把字寫清楚。", "simplified": "请把字写清楚。", "pinyin": "Qǐng bǎ zì xiě qīngchu.", "translation": "Please write the characters clearly.", "provenance": { "id": "e-cf6dbdcc0a573b10", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-cf6dbdcc0a573b10", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6e05", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 清", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%B8%85", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:6E05", "codepoint": "U+6E05", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6E05" ], "radical": "水", "radicalNumber": 85, "radicalKey": "85", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 11, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6E05 kRSUnicode=85.8; kTotalStrokes=11", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 2410, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6E05 kCantonese=cing1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "情", "pinyin": [ "qíng" ], "gloss": "feeling; emotion; situation", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "情 often concerns feelings, as in 心情, a person’s mood, or 愛情 / 爱情, romantic love. Yet it also occurs in 情況 / 情况, meaning a situation or state of affairs. Learning only “emotion” would miss this very ordinary use. Visually, the character pairs 忄, the left-side form associated with 心, with 青. CUHK identifies 心 as the meaning-bearing element and 青 as the sound element. The relation is historical: 青 is qīng today, while 情 is qíng. Shared components can connect characters without making their present-day tones identical.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qíng", "meaning": "Feelings and emotional states", "words": [ { "traditional": "情感", "simplified": "情感", "pinyin": "qíng gǎn", "meaning": "feeling; emotion", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "心情", "simplified": "心情", "pinyin": "xīn qíng", "meaning": "mood; frame of mind", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "愛情", "simplified": "爱情", "pinyin": "ài qíng", "meaning": "romantic love", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:60C5:1" }, { "reading": "qíng", "meaning": "A situation or condition", "words": [ { "traditional": "情況", "simplified": "情况", "pinyin": "qíng kuàng", "meaning": "situation; circumstances", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:60C5:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "忄", "青" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "忄 occupies the left side; 青 occupies the right. 忄 is a contextual form associated with 心, not an independent everyday word meaning “left-side heart.” CUHK separately supports a semantic role for 心 and a phonetic role for 青." }, "history": [ { "title": "A heart-and-sound construction", "text": "CUHK and the Shuowen explanation it cites analyze 情 with 心 and phonetic 青. Its discussion presents feelings as the central early meaning, while documenting further uses in literary texts. No ancient pronunciation is reconstructed here.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-60c5" ], "status": "supported" }, { "title": "Wider than one English gloss", "text": "The dossier records uses involving disposition, wishes, relationships, and the reality of circumstances. These examples help explain why different modern compounds cannot all be translated with the English word “emotion.”", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-60c5" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "情 is unchanged between traditional and simplified writing. Its compounds may contain other simplified characters: 愛情 / 爱情 and 情況 / 情况. The left component must remain 忄, rather than 氵 or 日.", "confusions": [ { "with": "清", "explanation": "清 uses the water component 氵 and is qīng in the ordinary “clear” reading. 情 uses 忄 and is qíng." }, { "with": "晴", "explanation": "晴 begins with 日 and refers to fine weather. It shares the modern Mandarin reading qíng with 情, so sound alone does not distinguish them." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "今天我的心情很好。", "simplified": "今天我的心情很好。", "pinyin": "Jīntiān wǒ de xīnqíng hěn hǎo.", "translation": "I am in a good mood today.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-057a73c905e67374", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-057a73c905e67374", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "請先了解情況。", "simplified": "请先了解情况。", "pinyin": "Qǐng xiān liǎojiě qíngkuàng.", "translation": "Please find out what the situation is first.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-eb3d9035975134a4", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-eb3d9035975134a4", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-60c5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 情", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%83%85", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:60C5", "codepoint": "U+60C5", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:60C5" ], "radical": "心", "radicalNumber": 61, "radicalKey": "61", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 11, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+60C5 kRSUnicode=61.8; kTotalStrokes=11", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 2438, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+60C5 kCantonese=cing4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The consulted sources do not establish a dated sequence from 夝 to 晴; specimen-level and phonetic-family corroboration remain open.", "No independent specialist review or permission to reproduce historical images." ], "char": "晴", "pinyin": [ "qíng" ], "gloss": "clear or fine weather", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "晴 is about the weather clearing or being fine. It appears in 晴天, a sunny day, 晴空, a clear sky, and 放晴, to clear up. The modern form combines 日 with 青, making a useful visual contrast with 情 and 清. It does not simply mean “bright” in every context: 明亮 is the ordinary word for brightness more generally. The historical spelling evidence also deserves care. CUHK connects 晴 with the older spelling 夝 through traditional dictionaries. That is a documented spelling relationship, not permission to invent an uninterrupted series of ancient specimens.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qíng", "meaning": "Fine or clear weather", "words": [ { "traditional": "晴天", "simplified": "晴天", "pinyin": "qíng tiān", "meaning": "a sunny day", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "晴朗", "simplified": "晴朗", "pinyin": "qíng lǎng", "meaning": "sunny and clear", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "晴空", "simplified": "晴空", "pinyin": "qíng kōng", "meaning": "a clear sky", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6674:1" }, { "reading": "qíng", "meaning": "To become clear after unsettled weather", "words": [ { "traditional": "放晴", "simplified": "放晴", "pinyin": "fàng qíng", "meaning": "to clear up", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6674:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "日", "青" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "日 is the visible left component and 青 the visible right component. Taiwan’s Ministry of Education confirms the right-hand shape as 青. A full account of how the spelling with 青 developed from other historical spellings remains an explicit research task." }, "history": [ { "title": "An older spelling in the dictionaries", "text": "CUHK quotes the Shuowen entry for 夝, analyzed there as 夕 with phonetic 生, and a Jiyun notice linking the spelling 晴. Taiwan’s variant dictionary states that 晴 itself is not an entry in the Shuowen. Keep the quoted older character distinct from the current graph.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6674", "moe-variants-6674" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "What is still missing", "text": "The consulted entry supplies too little evidence to date every step between these spellings. The atlas therefore shows a concise dictionary relationship and leaves the specimen sequence open.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6674" ], "status": "unresolved" } ], "formsNote": "晴 is used in both simplified and traditional Chinese. It should not be substituted for 清 when describing clear water, or for 情 when describing feelings. A shared reading or a shared 青 component does not make the characters equivalent.", "confusions": [ { "with": "情", "explanation": "情 has 忄 on the left and concerns feelings or circumstances. 晴 has 日 and concerns fine weather." }, { "with": "睛", "explanation": "睛 has 目, with two inner horizontal strokes, and occurs in words for eyes. 日 in 晴 has one inner horizontal stroke." } ], "topics": [ "light" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "雨停了，天空開始放晴。", "simplified": "雨停了，天空开始放晴。", "pinyin": "Yǔ tíng le, tiānkōng kāishǐ fàngqíng.", "translation": "The rain has stopped, and the sky is beginning to clear.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-22aa8f782b9fb5e9", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-22aa8f782b9fb5e9", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "明天如果是晴天，我們就去散步。", "simplified": "明天如果是晴天，我们就去散步。", "pinyin": "Míngtiān rúguǒ shì qíngtiān, wǒmen jiù qù sànbù.", "translation": "If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go for a walk.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-1f082891c8966c69", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-1f082891c8966c69", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6674", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 晴", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%99%B4", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-6674", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 晴 (A01807)", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=19986", "locator": "說文釋形, 字樣說明, 漢語拼音 and 釋義", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern 青 component; qíng; weather senses; 晴 itself not listed in Shuowen.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "說文釋形, 字樣說明, 漢語拼音 and 釋義" ] } ], "id": "char:6674", "codepoint": "U+6674", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6674" ], "radical": "日", "radicalNumber": 72, "radicalKey": "72", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 12, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6674 kRSUnicode=72.8; kTotalStrokes=12", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 2611, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6674 kCantonese=cing4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "請", "pinyin": [ "qǐng" ], "gloss": "please; ask; invite; treat", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "请" ], "understand": "請 is both a polite way to introduce an action and a verb used in requests or invitations. 請坐 means “please sit down”; 邀請 / 邀请 means “invite”; 請客 / 请客 usually means treating or entertaining guests. The traditional form has 言 on the left and 青 on the right. CUHK identifies 青 as a phonetic component, so this is a historical sound connection rather than a claim that a request is “blue speech.” The ordinary modern reading is qǐng. Older literary readings and uses need their own context and are not substituted into everyday requests.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qǐng", "meaning": "Ask or request politely", "words": [ { "traditional": "請問", "simplified": "请问", "pinyin": "qǐng wèn", "meaning": "excuse me, may I ask…?", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "請求", "simplified": "请求", "pinyin": "qǐng qiú", "meaning": "to request; a request", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8ACB:1" }, { "reading": "qǐng", "meaning": "Invite or treat guests", "words": [ { "traditional": "邀請", "simplified": "邀请", "pinyin": "yāo qǐng", "meaning": "to invite", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "請客", "simplified": "请客", "pinyin": "qǐng kè", "meaning": "to treat someone to a meal", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8ACB:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "言", "青" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "言 is the left component, associated with speech; 青 is on the right. In the historical analysis cited by CUHK, 青 contributes sound. The modern tone of 請 differs from the common qīng reading of 青." }, "history": [ { "title": "Speech and a phonetic component", "text": "CUHK describes a bronze form containing 言, 青, and an additional 口-shaped element it interprets as decorative. It identifies 青 as phonetic and discusses an early audience or formal-visit sense. This is a specific scholarly account, not a translation assembled from the modern shapes.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8acb" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Borrowed readings in early texts", "text": "CUHK also cites cases in which 請 writes other similar-sounding words. Those readings belong to their particular passages. They do not change the ordinary qǐng of a modern invitation.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8acb" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "請 corresponds to simplified 请. The visible change is 言 → 讠; 青 remains. This is a regular form relationship in the modern words shown here. The historical dossier is shared; 请 does not require a separate invented ancient origin.", "confusions": [ { "with": "清", "explanation": "The left side is 言 in 請 and 氵 in 清. Their common readings are qǐng and qīng respectively." }, { "with": "情", "explanation": "情 uses 忄 and is qíng. It is the word context, not merely the shared 青, that identifies a request." } ], "topics": [ "speech", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "請問，車站在哪裡？", "simplified": "请问，车站在哪里？", "pinyin": "Qǐngwèn, chēzhàn zài nǎlǐ?", "translation": "Excuse me, where is the station?", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-79183c6fdf16d615", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-79183c6fdf16d615", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "今天我請客。", "simplified": "今天我请客。", "pinyin": "Jīntiān wǒ qǐngkè.", "translation": "Today it is my treat.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-a6df9f241bd6fa78", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-a6df9f241bd6fa78", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-8acb", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 請", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%AB%8B", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:8ACB", "codepoint": "U+8ACB", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8ACB" ], "radical": "言", "radicalNumber": 149, "radicalKey": "149", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 15, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8ACB kRSUnicode=149.8; kTotalStrokes=15", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing2" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+8ACB kCantonese=cing2", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "请", "pinyin": [ "qǐng" ], "gloss": "please; ask; invite; treat", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "請" ], "understand": "请 is the simplified form used in polite requests and invitations. You will meet it immediately in 请问, “excuse me, may I ask…?”, and in invitations such as 请坐, “please sit down.” It also has fuller verb uses: 请求 is a request, 邀请 means to invite, and 请客 means to treat guests. The right-hand 青 remains the same as in traditional 請, while 言 becomes 讠 on the left. For earlier writing and historical interpretation, follow the linked 請 dossier. The modern abbreviated shape is not a diagram of its ancient origin.", "senses": [ { "reading": "qǐng", "meaning": "Ask or request politely", "words": [ { "traditional": "請問", "simplified": "请问", "pinyin": "qǐng wèn", "meaning": "excuse me, may I ask…?", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "請求", "simplified": "请求", "pinyin": "qǐng qiú", "meaning": "to request; a request", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8BF7:1" }, { "reading": "qǐng", "meaning": "Invite or treat guests", "words": [ { "traditional": "邀請", "simplified": "邀请", "pinyin": "yāo qǐng", "meaning": "to invite", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "請客", "simplified": "请客", "pinyin": "qǐng kè", "meaning": "to treat someone to a meal", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:8BF7:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "讠", "青" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "The direct visible components are 讠 and 青. Here 讠 corresponds to the left-side 言 of traditional 請. It is a component shape; this page does not assign 讠 an independent spoken-word reading." }, "history": [ { "title": "A linked historical dossier", "text": "CUHK’s entry for 请 explicitly points to 請. Earlier forms and the historical speech-and-sound analysis belong in that linked dossier. The simplified route preserves the modern orthography and usage without duplicating the whole historical discussion.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8bf7" ], "status": "supported" } ], "formsNote": "Use 请 in simplified text and 請 in traditional text for the words shown. Converting the whole word may affect other characters too. For example, the unchanged 青 component does not tell us whether other characters elsewhere in a sentence require conversion.", "confusions": [ { "with": "情", "explanation": "讠 has a dot and a turning lower stroke. 忄 in 情 is taller and visually different. 请 is ordinarily qǐng; 情 is qíng." }, { "with": "清", "explanation": "清 uses three water strokes on the left and usually has the first tone qīng. 请 introduces a request or invitation, not a description of clarity." } ], "topics": [ "speech", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "請先看這一頁。", "simplified": "请先看这一页。", "pinyin": "Qǐng xiān kàn zhè yī yè.", "translation": "Please look at this page first.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-2aa94cd2cf9c3bb8", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-2aa94cd2cf9c3bb8", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "她邀請我們一起喝茶。", "simplified": "她邀请我们一起喝茶。", "pinyin": "Tā yāoqǐng wǒmen yīqǐ hē chá.", "translation": "She invites us to have tea together.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-a5f9357b7427c752", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-a5f9357b7427c752", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-8bf7", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 请", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%AF%B7", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:8BF7", "codepoint": "U+8BF7", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8ACB" ], "radical": "讠", "radicalNumber": 149, "radicalKey": "149'", "residualStrokes": 8, "strokes": 10, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8BF7 kRSUnicode=149'.8; kTotalStrokes=10", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 2108, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cing2" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+8BF7 kCantonese=cing2", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Competing origin accounts are reported through CUHK; the cited scholars have not yet been consulted directly.", "No independently verified specimen sequence or image-reuse permission." ], "char": "明", "pinyin": [ "míng" ], "gloss": "bright; clear; next", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "明 links several familiar ideas in modern words: brightness in 明亮, understanding in 明白, and the next day in 明天. The present form visibly contains 日 and 月, but the historical record is more varied than the slogan “sun plus moon equals bright.” CUHK discusses early forms with different left-side shapes and more than one interpretation of their meaning. Start with the modern word you are reading, then examine the historical evidence separately. That approach makes the familiar form useful to remember while keeping a memorable explanation from becoming stronger than its supporting evidence.", "senses": [ { "reading": "míng", "meaning": "Bright or clear", "words": [ { "traditional": "明亮", "simplified": "明亮", "pinyin": "míng liàng", "meaning": "bright", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "明白", "simplified": "明白", "pinyin": "míng bai", "meaning": "to understand; clear", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:660E:1" }, { "reading": "míng", "meaning": "Make something clear", "words": [ { "traditional": "說明", "simplified": "说明", "pinyin": "shuō míng", "meaning": "to explain; an explanation", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:660E:2" }, { "reading": "míng", "meaning": "Next, in time words", "words": [ { "traditional": "明天", "simplified": "明天", "pinyin": "míng tiān", "meaning": "tomorrow", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:660E:3" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "日", "月" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "日 is on the left and 月 on the right in the modern standard form. This is a graphical description. It must not erase earlier variants whose left-hand shape is discussed differently by paleographers." }, "history": [ { "title": "More than one early form", "text": "CUHK discusses early 日-and-月 forms alongside forms associated with 囧, interpreted as a window. Its account also flags uncertain identifications among eye-like forms. Not every superficially similar early graph has an equally secure identification.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-660e" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Interpretation remains layered", "text": "The entry attributes a dawn interpretation to Xu Zhongshu and a brightness interpretation to Shen Pei for 日-and-月 forms. It also quotes the Shuowen analysis of 朙 with 月 and 囧. These are attributed treatments; a second independently consulted scholarly study is still needed before adjudicating them.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-660e" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "明 is shared in modern simplified and traditional writing. Historical 朙 is relevant to the evidence discussion, but it is not presented here as an interchangeable everyday form. The Ming dynasty and the surname Míng require their own named-entity context.", "confusions": [ { "with": "晴", "explanation": "晴 also begins with 日, but its right side is 青 and its ordinary meaning concerns weather. 明 has 月 and a broader range of light, clarity, and time-related uses." } ], "topics": [ "light", "time", "learning" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "現在我明白了。", "simplified": "现在我明白了。", "pinyin": "Xiànzài wǒ míngbai le.", "translation": "Now I understand.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-b7392837e3cee00e", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-b7392837e3cee00e", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "明天早上我們再見。", "simplified": "明天早上我们再见。", "pinyin": "Míngtiān zǎoshang wǒmen zài jiàn.", "translation": "We will see each other again tomorrow morning.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-de6283b1bada917b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-de6283b1bada917b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-660e", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 明", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%98%8E", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:660E", "codepoint": "U+660E", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:660E" ], "radical": "日", "radicalNumber": 72, "radicalKey": "72", "residualStrokes": 4, "strokes": 8, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+660E kRSUnicode=72.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 1087, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "ming4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+660E kCantonese=ming4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "東", "pinyin": [ "dōng" ], "gloss": "east", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "东" ], "understand": "東 is the traditional character for east; 东 is its standard simplified counterpart. It appears in directions such as 東方 / 东方 and 東北 / 东北, and in words whose meanings need to be learned separately, such as 房東 / 房东, landlord. The modern form visually overlaps a 日-like center with 木-like strokes, but that is not sufficient historical evidence for a sun-in-a-tree origin. CUHK instead interprets the early graph as a tied bag and its directional use as a borrowing. That is the attributed account presented here, with independent comparison still needed.", "senses": [ { "reading": "dōng", "meaning": "East or an eastern direction. Direction words combine conventionally; northeast is 東北 / 东北.", "words": [ { "traditional": "東方", "simplified": "东方", "pinyin": "dōngfāng", "meaning": "east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東方 [dong1 fang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東邊", "simplified": "东边", "pinyin": "dōngbian", "meaning": "east side; to the east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東邊 [dong1 bian5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東北", "simplified": "东北", "pinyin": "dōngběi", "meaning": "northeast", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東北 [dong1 bei3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6771:1" }, { "reading": "dōng", "meaning": "Words with established non-directional meanings. 房東 is a landlord; 東道主 is a host. 東西 means things when its second syllable has a neutral tone.", "words": [ { "traditional": "房東", "simplified": "房东", "pinyin": "fángdōng", "meaning": "landlord", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "房東 [fang2 dong1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東道主", "simplified": "东道主", "pinyin": "dōngdàozhǔ", "meaning": "host", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東西", "simplified": "东西", "pinyin": "dōngxi", "meaning": "things; stuff", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東西 [dong1 xi5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6771:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "木", "日" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "木-like strokes and a 日-like center can be highlighted as overlapping modern shapes. This is a visual reading aid only, not a historical decomposition. It must not create historical edges claiming that 東 was formed from sun plus tree. Simplified 东 has visibly different strokes while representing the same directional word." }, "history": [ { "title": "The consulted interpretation", "text": "CUHK describes the oracle-bone and bronze graph as a filled bag tied at both ends, and treats its use for the direction east as a borrowing. It cites early directional uses and discusses graphic relationships with other bag- or binding-related forms. The present portrait attributes that account to CUHK rather than labeling it an independently settled origin.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6771" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "What remains to compare", "text": "The attractive modern sun-in-tree explanation is not adopted as historical evidence here. A second independent specialist treatment has not yet been consulted, so this portrait does not claim to adjudicate the full scholarly history of the graph.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6771" ], "status": "unresolved" } ], "formsNote": "Use 東 in traditional text and 东 in standard simplified text for these words. The mapping is straightforward in the selected vocabulary. Word-level pronunciation still matters: 東西 / 东西 dōngxī can mean east and west, whereas dōngxi with neutral xi means things. A form converter cannot infer pronunciation merely by replacing 東.", "confusions": [ { "with": "東西 / 东西", "explanation": "The second syllable distinguishes dōngxī, east and west, from dōngxi, things, in the cited dictionary. Meaning and word context must accompany the written pair." }, { "with": "木 + 日", "explanation": "A visible overlap in the modern form is not proof of historical assembly from tree and sun. Keep the graphical and historical layers separate." } ], "topics": [ "movement", "people" ], "gaps": [ "Independent scholarly comparison of the early graph’s interpretation is pending; no popular account is labeled definitively refuted.", "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "太陽從東方升起。", "simplified": "太阳从东方升起。", "pinyin": "Tàiyáng cóng dōngfāng shēngqǐ.", "translation": "The sun rises in the east.", "provenance": { "id": "e-c2f8dc72da1a30cb", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-c2f8dc72da1a30cb", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我的東西都在包裡。", "simplified": "我的东西都在包里。", "pinyin": "Wǒ de dōngxi dōu zài bāo lǐ.", "translation": "All my things are in the bag.", "provenance": { "id": "e-99e711d0aeedca12", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-99e711d0aeedca12", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6771", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 東", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9D%B1", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:6771", "codepoint": "U+6771", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6771" ], "radical": "木", "radicalNumber": 75, "radicalKey": "75", "residualStrokes": 4, "strokes": 8, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6771 kRSUnicode=75.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "dung1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6771 kCantonese=dung1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "东", "pinyin": [ "dōng" ], "gloss": "east; host in established compounds", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "東" ], "understand": "东 is the simplified character for east. It appears in directions such as 东方 and 东北, and in 房东, landlord. The very common word 东西 needs particular attention: dōngxi means “thing” or “stuff,” while dōngxī refers to east and west. That difference belongs to the word and its pronunciation, not to a new character. Traditional writing uses 東. The linked 東 dossier investigates earlier writing and interpretations. The shortened shape 东 should not be dissected into a new ancient picture to explain its directional meaning. Learn its words first, then follow the historical evidence.", "senses": [ { "reading": "dōng", "meaning": "East, a direction", "words": [ { "traditional": "東方", "simplified": "东方", "pinyin": "dōng fāng", "meaning": "east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東北", "simplified": "东北", "pinyin": "dōng běi", "meaning": "northeast", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E1C:1" }, { "reading": "dōng", "meaning": "A word element whose meaning depends on the compound", "words": [ { "traditional": "房東", "simplified": "房东", "pinyin": "fáng dōng", "meaning": "landlord", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "東西", "simplified": "东西", "pinyin": "dōng xi", "meaning": "thing; stuff", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E1C:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "This pilot treats 东 as one abbreviated modern shape. Identifying strokes inside it does not establish independent ancient components. Open 東 for the fuller form and its historical interpretation." }, "history": [ { "title": "Shared historical dossier", "text": "CUHK directs 东 to 東. Its early bag-like interpretation is discussed there. A sun-in-tree mnemonic is not adopted as historical evidence here.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4e1c", "cuhk-6771" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "东方 → 東方; 东北 → 東北; 房东 → 房東; 东西 → 東西. The script change does not resolve the two pronunciations of 東西 / 东西: the intended word still determines whether 西 is xī or neutral-tone xi.", "confusions": [ { "with": "車", "explanation": "Traditional 東 and 車 can look similar to beginners, but they are separate characters. Simplified 东 corresponds to 東; 車 normally corresponds to 车." } ], "topics": [ "movement", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "太陽從東方升起。", "simplified": "太阳从东方升起。", "pinyin": "Tàiyáng cóng dōngfāng shēngqǐ.", "translation": "The sun rises in the east.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-c2f8dc72da1a30cb", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-c2f8dc72da1a30cb", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我的東西都在這裡。", "simplified": "我的东西都在这里。", "pinyin": "Wǒ de dōngxi dōu zài zhèlǐ.", "translation": "All my things are here.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-025303cf58b77650", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-025303cf58b77650", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-4e1c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 东", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%B8%9C", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6771", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 東", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9D%B1", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:4E1C", "codepoint": "U+4E1C", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6771" ], "radical": "一", "radicalNumber": 1, "radicalKey": "1", "residualStrokes": 4, "strokes": 5, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4E1C kRSUnicode=1.4; kTotalStrokes=5", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 225, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "dung1" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+4E1C kCantonese=dung1", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "CUHK’s preferred origin interpretation still needs direct comparison with the cited scholarly studies.", "No independent specialist review or image-reuse permission." ], "char": "好", "pinyin": [ "hǎo", "hào" ], "gloss": "good; well · be fond of", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "好 has two essential readings. Hǎo appears in 你好, “hello,” and in descriptions of something good or suitable. Hào appears in 愛好 / 爱好, an interest or a liking, and 好奇, curiosity. The modern shape puts 女 beside 子. CUHK discusses several interpretations of this combination and favors a woman-and-child relationship, while acknowledging that its proposed original meaning is not directly demonstrated in the early usage examples it cites. The shape is worth examining closely; it cannot by itself prove a timeless cultural equation or tell you which reading a modern word requires.", "senses": [ { "reading": "hǎo", "meaning": "Good; friendly; suitable", "words": [ { "traditional": "你好", "simplified": "你好", "pinyin": "nǐ hǎo", "meaning": "hello", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "好友", "simplified": "好友", "pinyin": "hǎo yǒu", "meaning": "a close friend", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:597D:1" }, { "reading": "hào", "meaning": "Be fond of; inclined toward", "words": [ { "traditional": "愛好", "simplified": "爱好", "pinyin": "ài hào", "meaning": "an interest; to be fond of", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "好奇", "simplified": "好奇", "pinyin": "hào qí", "meaning": "curious; curiosity", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:597D:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "女", "子" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "女 is on the left and 子 on the right. The Ministry of Education’s variant dictionary documents early forms with the components in either order. The standardized modern arrangement should not be projected onto every earlier specimen." }, "history": [ { "title": "The components are clearer than the original meaning", "text": "CUHK identifies 女 and 子 in early forms. It reports interpretations involving beauty, affection between mother and child, and affection between the sexes, favoring the mother-and-child account.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-597d" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "A limit explicitly acknowledged by the source", "text": "CUHK notes that the early usage examples do not directly display its proposed “mother and child affection” sense. This matters: an interpretation of a drawing and an attested meaning in a text are different kinds of evidence. The portrait retains that distinction.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-597d" ], "status": "unresolved" } ], "formsNote": "好 itself is unchanged between simplified and traditional Chinese. Its reading must be learned with the word: hǎo in 好友, hào in 好奇. A pronunciation control or search result must not assign one reading indiscriminately to all its compounds.", "confusions": [ { "with": "子", "explanation": "子 is only the right-hand component of 好. It is a separate character in its own right; identifying it does not mean the whole character is pronounced zǐ." } ], "topics": [ "people", "emotion" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這是一個好主意。", "simplified": "这是一个好主意。", "pinyin": "Zhè shì yī gè hǎo zhǔyì.", "translation": "This is a good idea.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-68fb6f1cff14b58b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-68fb6f1cff14b58b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我對這個字的歷史很好奇。", "simplified": "我对这个字的历史很好奇。", "pinyin": "Wǒ duì zhè ge zì de lìshǐ hěn hàoqí.", "translation": "I am very curious about this character’s history.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-c64bcf64ee00d0e4", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-c64bcf64ee00d0e4", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-597d", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 好", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%A5%BD", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-597d", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 好 (A00883)", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=-9685&la=0", "locator": "金周生, 𡥃 (A00883-001), 內容", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Early 女/子 component arrangement could occur in either order; hǎo and hào readings.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "金周生, 𡥃 (A00883-001), 內容" ] } ], "id": "char:597D", "codepoint": "U+597D", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:597D" ], "radical": "女", "radicalNumber": 38, "radicalKey": "38", "residualStrokes": 3, "strokes": 6, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+597D kRSUnicode=38.3; kTotalStrokes=6", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 581, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hou2" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+597D kCantonese=hou2", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "CUHK’s account has been consulted, but the historical scholarship it cites has not yet been checked independently.", "The dated history of abbreviated 爱 forms is not established in this dossier." ], "char": "愛", "pinyin": [ "ài" ], "gloss": "love; affection; be fond of", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "爱" ], "understand": "愛 expresses love or fondness, and its compounds distinguish different kinds of affection and care. 愛情 / 爱情 is romantic love, 愛心 / 爱心 emphasizes compassion, and 愛護 / 爱护 means to cherish and protect. The visible 心 makes the traditional form memorable, but the complete history is not a sentence assembled from its present-day parts. CUHK connects it with an earlier 㤅 form and discusses a phonetic element as well as later added strokes. Simplified 爱 serves the same ordinary words. A spelling’s treatment of 心 is not evidence about the feelings or values of its readers.", "senses": [ { "reading": "ài", "meaning": "Love and affection", "words": [ { "traditional": "愛情", "simplified": "爱情", "pinyin": "ài qíng", "meaning": "romantic love", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "愛心", "simplified": "爱心", "pinyin": "ài xīn", "meaning": "compassion; care for others", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:611B:1" }, { "reading": "ài", "meaning": "Cherish; be lovable", "words": [ { "traditional": "愛護", "simplified": "爱护", "pinyin": "ài hù", "meaning": "to cherish and protect", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "可愛", "simplified": "可爱", "pinyin": "kě ài", "meaning": "lovable; cute", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:611B:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "爫", "冖", "心", "夊" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ." }, "history": [ { "title": "The earlier 㤅 form", "text": "CUHK identifies a bronze form 㤅 with 心 and a phonetic 兂. It connects that form with benevolent affection and describes lower foot-like strokes being added in later writing.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-611b" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Keep dictionary analyses attributed", "text": "The entry distinguishes the Shuowen’s treatment of 㤅 from its analysis of 愛. That historical dictionary perspective is valuable evidence for interpretation, but does not justify a modern “hand, roof, heart, walking” story.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-611b" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "愛 corresponds to simplified 爱 for the modern senses shown. The simplified form lacks a separately visible 心; it does not acquire a different emotional meaning. When discussing historical structure, follow the evidence for 愛 and 㤅 rather than assigning a moral meaning to a spelling change.", "confusions": [ { "with": "受", "explanation": "受 shares some upper shapes with 愛 but is a different character, commonly meaning to receive or undergo. Similar outlines do not establish the same sound or history." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "她很愛自己的家人。", "simplified": "她很爱自己的家人。", "pinyin": "Tā hěn ài zìjǐ de jiārén.", "translation": "She loves her family very much.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-6ca1c511db24d2b8", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-6ca1c511db24d2b8", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "請愛護這裡的花草。", "simplified": "请爱护这里的花草。", "pinyin": "Qǐng àihù zhèlǐ de huācǎo.", "translation": "Please take care of the plants here.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-6e6ed4d13006d99c", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-6e6ed4d13006d99c", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-611b", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 愛", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%84%9B", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-611b", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 愛", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=15448&la=1&powerMode=2&q=1", "locator": "A01404, 字樣說明", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "A01404, 字樣說明" ] } ], "id": "char:611B", "codepoint": "U+611B", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:611B" ], "radical": "心", "radicalNumber": 61, "radicalKey": "61", "residualStrokes": 9, "strokes": 13, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+611B kRSUnicode=61.9; kTotalStrokes=13", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "oi3" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+611B kCantonese=oi3", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "A dated, specimen-based account of the development of abbreviated 爱 is still needed.", "No independent specialist review or historical-image reuse permission." ], "char": "爱", "pinyin": [ "ài" ], "gloss": "love; affection; be fond of", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "愛" ], "understand": "爱 is the simplified character for love, fondness, and caring. It can be a verb in its own right, as in 我爱你, and appears in words such as 爱情, 爱心, 爱护, and 可爱. Those words express different relationships and qualities; they should not all receive the same English translation. Its traditional counterpart is 愛. The modern simplified shape does not show a separate 心 component, but that graphical fact says nothing about how sincerely someone loves. To investigate earlier writing, use the linked 愛 dossier, where historical forms and interpretations are discussed on their own evidence.", "senses": [ { "reading": "ài", "meaning": "Love and affection", "words": [ { "traditional": "愛情", "simplified": "爱情", "pinyin": "ài qíng", "meaning": "romantic love", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "愛心", "simplified": "爱心", "pinyin": "ài xīn", "meaning": "compassion; care for others", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:7231:1" }, { "reading": "ài", "meaning": "Cherish; be lovable", "words": [ { "traditional": "愛護", "simplified": "爱护", "pinyin": "ài hù", "meaning": "to cherish and protect", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "可愛", "simplified": "可爱", "pinyin": "kě ài", "meaning": "lovable; cute", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:7231:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "爫", "冖", "友" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "The present form can be visually grouped into 爫, 冖, and a 友-shaped lower region. This is modern graphical analysis, not a claim that the word means “claw, cover, friend” or that those words explain its origin." }, "history": [ { "title": "Shared history, distinct modern form", "text": "CUHK’s 爱 entry identifies 愛 as the traditional counterpart and sends readers there for the historical discussion. This route therefore explains today’s simplified form and shares the earlier dossier.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-7231" ], "status": "supported" } ], "formsNote": "爱 and 愛 correspond in the ordinary modern words illustrated here. Form convention and spoken language are separate: a speaker’s pronunciation is not determined simply by which orthography a page uses. The historical development and dating of particular abbreviated forms still need direct documentation.", "confusions": [ { "with": "友", "explanation": "The lower region of 爱 resembles 友, but 爱 and 友 are distinct whole characters with different readings and uses." }, { "with": "受", "explanation": "受 lacks the same lower structure as 爱. Compare the complete forms instead of recognizing only their shared upper outline." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這隻小貓很可愛。", "simplified": "这只小猫很可爱。", "pinyin": "Zhè zhī xiǎomāo hěn kě’ài.", "translation": "This kitten is very cute.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-1252104744046a95", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-1252104744046a95", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我愛清晨安靜的街道。", "simplified": "我爱清晨安静的街道。", "pinyin": "Wǒ ài qīngchén ānjìng de jiēdào.", "translation": "I love the quiet streets in the early morning.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-042d0aa46e503184", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-042d0aa46e503184", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-7231", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 爱", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%88%B1", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:7231", "codepoint": "U+7231", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:611B" ], "radical": "爪", "radicalNumber": 87, "radicalKey": "87", "residualStrokes": 6, "strokes": 10, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+7231 kRSUnicode=87.6; kTotalStrokes=10", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 1987, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "oi3" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+7231 kCantonese=oi3", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "行", "pinyin": [ "xíng", "háng", "héng" ], "gloss": "go; do; be feasible • row; trade", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "行 is a character whose reading must be learned with the word. It is xíng in 旅行, travel, and 可行, feasible; it is háng in 銀行 / 银行, bank, and 行業 / 行业, a trade or industry. A dictionary also records the specialized reading héng in 道行. These readings cannot be collapsed into one pronunciation button. CUHK interprets the early graph as intersecting roads and discusses meanings connected with movement and rows. That historical account helps organize the portrait, but present-day pronunciation still follows the particular word and sense.", "senses": [ { "reading": "xíng", "meaning": "To go, travel, act, or be workable. On its own 行 can express that something is acceptable or will work.", "words": [ { "traditional": "行走", "simplified": "行走", "pinyin": "xíngzǒu", "meaning": "walk", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行走 [xing2 zou3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "旅行", "simplified": "旅行", "pinyin": "lǚxíng", "meaning": "travel; a journey", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "旅行 [lu:3 xing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "行動", "simplified": "行动", "pinyin": "xíngdòng", "meaning": "action; act", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行動 [xing2 dong4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "可行", "simplified": "可行", "pinyin": "kěxíng", "meaning": "feasible; workable", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "可行 [ke3 xing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:884C:1" }, { "reading": "háng", "meaning": "A row, line of work, or commercial establishment. Learn háng as part of these words instead of applying the more familiar xíng automatically.", "words": [ { "traditional": "銀行", "simplified": "银行", "pinyin": "yínháng", "meaning": "bank", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "銀行 [yin2 hang2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "行業", "simplified": "行业", "pinyin": "hángyè", "meaning": "trade; industry", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行業 [hang2 ye4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "行列", "simplified": "行列", "pinyin": "hángliè", "meaning": "ranks; formation", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行列 [hang2 lie4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:884C:2" }, { "reading": "héng", "meaning": "A specialized word-bound reading in 道行, concerning attainment or skill. Its inclusion here signals that the two main readings are not exhaustive.", "label": "specialized", "words": [ { "traditional": "道行", "simplified": "道行", "pinyin": "dàohéng", "meaning": "attainment through religious practice; skill", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "道行 [dao4 heng2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:884C:3" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "彳", "亍" ], "layout": "left-right", "note": "The modern shape can be inspected as 彳 on the left and 亍 on the right. This visible division is distinct from the whole early graph’s interpretation as a road junction. A modern component diagram should therefore not retell the historical origin as two independently meaningful present-day words placed together." }, "history": [ { "title": "Intersecting roads", "text": "CUHK interprets oracle-bone and bronze 行 as roads meeting in several directions, and attributes this line of interpretation to scholarship beginning with Luo Zhenyu. Its account differs in emphasis from the Shuowen’s analysis in terms of walking and the components 彳 and 亍.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-884c" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Several branches of use", "text": "Drawing on the discussion it attributes to Qiu Xigui, CUHK connects road with walking and rows, and follows further extensions into action, occupation, and commercial establishments. This is a scholarly semantic account. It does not replace the need to check modern word-specific readings.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-884c" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "行 is shared by simplified and traditional Chinese. Traditional 銀行 and simplified 银行 are both yínháng, while 旅行 is lǚxíng in both. CC-CEDICT also marks Taiwan xìng for the conduct sense under xíng; that regional note is not treated as a new pronunciation for every word containing 行.", "confusions": [ { "with": "xíng / háng", "explanation": "同行 can have different readings and meanings depending on the word intended. Identify the intended word and sense before choosing a pronunciation; the written character alone cannot resolve the choice." }, { "with": "彳", "explanation": "The left side is a component that can occur in other characters. Its presence alone does not make those characters alternate forms of 行." } ], "topics": [ "movement", "people" ], "gaps": [ "Less common literary and regional readings need a fuller dedicated lexical review. The header lists the two main readings plus the CC-CEDICT word-bound héng.", "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這個辦法可行。", "simplified": "这个办法可行。", "pinyin": "Zhè ge bànfǎ kěxíng.", "translation": "This approach is workable.", "provenance": { "id": "e-a4fed67201a9cd41", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-a4fed67201a9cd41", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "銀行在車站旁邊。", "simplified": "银行在车站旁边。", "pinyin": "Yínháng zài chēzhàn pángbiān.", "translation": "The bank is beside the station.", "provenance": { "id": "e-a4216e5ae70d0a54", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-a4216e5ae70d0a54", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-884c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 行", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A1%8C", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:884C", "codepoint": "U+884C", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:884C" ], "radical": "行", "radicalNumber": 144, "radicalKey": "144", "residualStrokes": 0, "strokes": 6, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+884C kRSUnicode=144.0; kTotalStrokes=6", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 483, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hang4" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+884C kCantonese=hang4", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The historical relationship between the modern zhòng and chóng word groups is not reconstructed here.", "The carrying-load interpretation is attributed through CUHK, without independent expert review." ], "char": "重", "pinyin": [ "zhòng", "chóng" ], "gloss": "heavy; important · again; repeated", "form": "shared", "alternates": [], "understand": "重 is a useful reminder to learn pronunciation with a word. In 重量, weight, and 重要, important, it is zhòng. In 重新, again or afresh, and 重複 / 重复, repeat, it is chóng. The written character remains exactly the same. Its modern stacked strokes are not an obvious picture of either meaning. CUHK interprets early forms in terms of a person carrying a load, including an element associated with 東. That account belongs to historical analysis; it cannot serve as a rule for deciding the modern reading without attending to the word and sentence.", "senses": [ { "reading": "zhòng", "meaning": "Heavy; weight; important", "words": [ { "traditional": "重量", "simplified": "重量", "pinyin": "zhòng liàng", "meaning": "weight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "重要", "simplified": "重要", "pinyin": "zhòng yào", "meaning": "important", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:91CD:1" }, { "reading": "chóng", "meaning": "Again; repeated", "words": [ { "traditional": "重新", "simplified": "重新", "pinyin": "chóng xīn", "meaning": "again; afresh", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "重複", "simplified": "重复", "pinyin": "chóng fù", "meaning": "to repeat; repetition", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:91CD:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "The foundation treats 重 as one fused modern shape. Several intersecting strokes can be grouped in different ways; those visual groupings should not silently become historical components. The historical dossier supplies a separately sourced analysis." }, "history": [ { "title": "A load carried by a person", "text": "CUHK attributes to earlier scholarship an analysis involving a person and the bag-like 東 element. In this account, the graph evokes carrying a heavy burden, while 東 also contributes sound.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-91cd" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "The shape becomes fused", "text": "The entry describes strokes being shared and combined in later bronze forms, explaining why the modern form no longer separates neatly into a person and load. This does not establish a chronological explanation for every modern sense or reading.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-91cd" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "重 is unchanged between traditional and simplified writing. Its two principal modern readings belong to different sense groups, not to different scripts. 重複 is the traditional spelling of simplified 重复, with the change in the second character.", "confusions": [ { "with": "童", "explanation": "童 has a clearly different upper part and is commonly tóng, as in 兒童 / 儿童, children. Similar stacked strokes are not enough to identify 重." } ], "topics": [ "movement" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這個問題很重要。", "simplified": "这个问题很重要。", "pinyin": "Zhè ge wèntí hěn zhòngyào.", "translation": "This question is important.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-265ee804aa65d16d", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-265ee804aa65d16d", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "請重新讀這一句。", "simplified": "请重新读这一句。", "pinyin": "Qǐng chóngxīn dú zhè yī jù.", "translation": "Please read this sentence again.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-fd9fdab0b328fe1d", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-fd9fdab0b328fe1d", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-91cd", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 重", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%87%8D", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "id": "char:91CD", "codepoint": "U+91CD", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:91CD" ], "radical": "里", "radicalNumber": 166, "radicalKey": "166", "residualStrokes": 2, "strokes": 9, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+91CD kRSUnicode=166.2; kTotalStrokes=9", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 1552, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "cung5" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+91CD kCantonese=cung5", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Competing interpretations of the central historical element need independently consulted scholarly treatments.", "Surname readings and less common regional or literary readings are not exhaustively covered." ], "char": "樂", "pinyin": [ "yuè", "lè", "yào", "lào" ], "gloss": "music · happiness · delight in", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "乐" ], "understand": "樂 connects music and enjoyment in writing, but its pronunciations must remain separate. 音樂 / 音乐 and 樂器 / 乐器 use yuè; 快樂 / 快乐 and 樂觀 / 乐观 use lè. Literary yào means to delight in something, and lào survives in particular place names. These are contextual readings, not interchangeable options. CUHK relates early forms to a wooden stringed instrument and discusses competing interpretations of a later central element. The modern character is more intricate than the shortened 乐, but both forms require the same care with words, senses, and reading conventions.", "senses": [ { "reading": "yuè", "meaning": "Music", "words": [ { "traditional": "音樂", "simplified": "音乐", "pinyin": "yīn yuè", "meaning": "music", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "樂器", "simplified": "乐器", "pinyin": "yuè qì", "meaning": "a musical instrument", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6A02:1" }, { "reading": "lè", "meaning": "Happiness or pleasure", "words": [ { "traditional": "快樂", "simplified": "快乐", "pinyin": "kuài lè", "meaning": "happy", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "樂觀", "simplified": "乐观", "pinyin": "lè guān", "meaning": "optimistic", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6A02:2" }, { "reading": "yào", "meaning": "Take delight in; appreciate", "label": "Literary; Taiwan MOE dictionary", "words": [ { "traditional": "樂山樂水", "simplified": "乐山乐水", "pinyin": "yào shān yào shuǐ", "meaning": "literally, delight in mountains and water; an idiom contrasting temperaments", "sourceIds": [ "moe-revised-y-aoshan" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6A02:3" }, { "reading": "lào", "meaning": "A reading in particular place names", "label": "Place-name reading; learn the whole name", "words": [ { "traditional": "樂亭", "simplified": "乐亭", "pinyin": "Lào tíng", "meaning": "Laoting, a place name", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:6A02:4" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "幺", "白", "幺", "木" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it." }, "history": [ { "title": "An instrument-related account", "text": "CUHK interprets early forms as strings attached to wood and relates the graph to a wooden musical instrument. It attributes this analysis to earlier scholarship rather than treating the modern components as a literal inventory.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6a02" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "A later element has competing explanations", "text": "For a central 白-like addition, CUHK reports a thumb or plucking interpretation and an alternative phonetic interpretation. This dossier retains both as attributed proposals and does not choose between them from visual resemblance alone.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6a02" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "樂 corresponds to simplified 乐. Script conversion leaves the reading choice unresolved: 音樂 is yīnyuè, while 快樂 is kuàilè. The literary yào and place-name lào readings are explicitly scoped; surnames and additional regional readings are outside the core examples.", "confusions": [ { "with": "藥", "explanation": "藥 contains a 樂-shaped lower portion but is a distinct whole character meaning medicine, normally yào in Mandarin. A character embedded in another does not automatically preserve its standalone reading." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "她每天聽音樂。", "simplified": "她每天听音乐。", "pinyin": "Tā měitiān tīng yīnyuè.", "translation": "She listens to music every day.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-33690f16215c2751", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-33690f16215c2751", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "和朋友一起散步讓我很快樂。", "simplified": "和朋友一起散步让我很快乐。", "pinyin": "Hé péngyou yīqǐ sànbù ràng wǒ hěn kuàilè.", "translation": "Walking with friends makes me happy.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-377dc6ae985fc2d3", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-377dc6ae985fc2d3", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-6a02", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 樂", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%A8%82", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-6a02", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=3208&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Sense-specific readings, including literary yào and place-name lào.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-y-aoshan", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂山樂水", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=153375&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Reading yào shān yào shuǐ and the idiom’s reference to different temperaments.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義" ] } ], "id": "char:6A02", "codepoint": "U+6A02", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6A02" ], "radical": "木", "radicalNumber": 75, "radicalKey": "75", "residualStrokes": 11, "strokes": 15, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6A02 kRSUnicode=75.11; kTotalStrokes=15", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "lok6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+6A02 kCantonese=lok6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The dated history of specific abbreviated 乐 forms has not yet been established.", "The reading list is intentionally scoped and does not exhaust all names or historical variants." ], "char": "乐", "pinyin": [ "yuè", "lè", "yào", "lào" ], "gloss": "music · happiness · delight in", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "樂" ], "understand": "乐 is the simplified character shared by 音乐, music, and 快乐, happy. Their sounds differ: yīnyuè versus kuàilè. That difference makes this a good place to move beyond a one-character, one-pronunciation habit. Read the complete word before choosing a sound. The less common readings yào and lào have specifically labeled literary and place-name contexts below. For the earlier written forms, follow 樂, whose history is linked with instruments and has unresolved details. The abbreviated shape is a modern reading aid, not an independently supported drawing of happiness or a complete explanation of musical history.", "senses": [ { "reading": "yuè", "meaning": "Music", "words": [ { "traditional": "音樂", "simplified": "音乐", "pinyin": "yīn yuè", "meaning": "music", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "樂器", "simplified": "乐器", "pinyin": "yuè qì", "meaning": "a musical instrument", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E50:1" }, { "reading": "lè", "meaning": "Happiness or pleasure", "words": [ { "traditional": "快樂", "simplified": "快乐", "pinyin": "kuài lè", "meaning": "happy", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "樂觀", "simplified": "乐观", "pinyin": "lè guān", "meaning": "optimistic", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E50:2" }, { "reading": "yào", "meaning": "Take delight in; appreciate", "label": "Literary; Taiwan MOE dictionary", "words": [ { "traditional": "樂山樂水", "simplified": "乐山乐水", "pinyin": "yào shān yào shuǐ", "meaning": "literally, delight in mountains and water; an idiom contrasting temperaments", "sourceIds": [ "moe-revised-y-aoshan" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E50:3" }, { "reading": "lào", "meaning": "A reading in particular place names", "label": "Place-name reading; learn the whole name", "words": [ { "traditional": "樂亭", "simplified": "乐亭", "pinyin": "Lào tíng", "meaning": "Laoting, a place name", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:4E50:4" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "This pilot treats 乐 as one abbreviated modern shape. Its strokes are not assigned separate historical meanings. The more visibly segmented traditional 樂 can be compared alongside it without claiming that every modern stroke corresponds one-to-one." }, "history": [ { "title": "The historical dossier is shared", "text": "CUHK identifies 乐 with traditional 樂 and links that historical entry. Earlier forms and competing interpretations are discussed there; this route focuses on the current simplified spelling and its sense-linked readings.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4e50" ], "status": "supported" } ], "formsNote": "音乐 → 音樂, 乐器 → 樂器, 快乐 → 快樂, 乐观 → 樂觀. These conversions preserve the intended words. They do not turn all instances of 乐 into one reading, and a name must be checked as a name rather than guessed from common vocabulary.", "confusions": [ { "with": "东", "explanation": "东 and 乐 are both compact abbreviated shapes, but they are unrelated as modern vocabulary items: east versus music or pleasure. Compare the full stroke pattern and word context." } ], "topics": [ "emotion", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "這家店賣樂器。", "simplified": "这家店卖乐器。", "pinyin": "Zhè jiā diàn mài yuèqì.", "translation": "This shop sells musical instruments.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-eb81fa874dbdf457", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-eb81fa874dbdf457", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "他對未來很樂觀。", "simplified": "他对未来很乐观。", "pinyin": "Tā duì wèilái hěn lèguān.", "translation": "He is optimistic about the future.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-2b28e4e91b196815", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-2b28e4e91b196815", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-4e50", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 乐", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%B9%90", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-6a02", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=3208&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Sense-specific readings, including literary yào and place-name lào.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-y-aoshan", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂山樂水", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=153375&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Reading yào shān yào shuǐ and the idiom’s reference to different temperaments.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義" ] } ], "id": "char:4E50", "codepoint": "U+4E50", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6A02" ], "radical": "丿", "radicalNumber": 4, "radicalKey": "4", "residualStrokes": 4, "strokes": 5, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4E50 kRSUnicode=4.4; kTotalStrokes=5", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 287, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "lok6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+4E50 kCantonese=lok6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "No independent specialist review has been performed. Historical specimen images are linked at source; no image-reuse permission has been obtained." ], "char": "發", "pinyin": [ "fā" ], "gloss": "send out; develop; occur in compounds", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "发" ], "understand": "發 occurs in many common verbs: 發生 / 发生 means to happen, 發現 / 发现 to discover, 出發 / 出发 to set out, and 發展 / 发展 to develop. These are whole-word meanings, so translating every 發 mechanically as “send” will mislead. The ordinary reading in these examples is fā. Simplified writing merges this character with the separate hair character 髮 under 发. Traditional spelling keeps them apart. CUHK’s historical account connects 發 with the release of a bow, not with hair, making this a clear example of why one simplified shape can lead to more than one historical dossier.", "senses": [ { "reading": "fā", "meaning": "Occurrence and discovery in established verbs", "words": [ { "traditional": "發生", "simplified": "发生", "pinyin": "fā shēng", "meaning": "to happen; occur", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "發現", "simplified": "发现", "pinyin": "fā xiàn", "meaning": "to discover; notice", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:767C:1" }, { "reading": "fā", "meaning": "Setting out and developing in established verbs", "words": [ { "traditional": "出發", "simplified": "出发", "pinyin": "chū fā", "meaning": "to set out", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "發展", "simplified": "发展", "pinyin": "fā zhǎn", "meaning": "to develop; development", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:767C:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "癶", "弓", "殳" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "The modern form has an upper 癶-shaped region and lower 弓 and 殳-shaped regions. This visual inventory is separate from the historical account, which discusses earlier bow forms and changing additions." }, "history": [ { "title": "Releasing a bow", "text": "CUHK explains early forms in relation to a bow and its released string. It describes later added elements and a development toward an analysis with 弓 and phonetic 癹, citing earlier paleographic scholarship.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Graphic history is not every word’s history", "text": "The historical account helps explain the written form. It does not by itself date the emergence of every modern compound containing 發. Those words are presented separately with their modern readings and meanings.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "發 becomes 发 in simplified writing: 發現 → 发现. Hair 髮 also becomes 发: 頭髮 → 头发. The reverse conversion therefore requires word context. Traditional 發型 is not the correct ordinary spelling for a hairstyle; write 髮型.", "confusions": [ { "with": "髮", "explanation": "髮 is the hair character, usually fà in mainland Mandarin and fǎ in Taiwan’s dictionary standard. 發 is fā in the verbs illustrated here. Their merger in simplified writing does not merge their histories." }, { "with": "廢", "explanation": "廢 includes the outer 广 structure and is a different character. A shared inner shape does not make it interchangeable with 發." } ], "topics": [ "movement" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "我們明天早上出發。", "simplified": "我们明天早上出发。", "pinyin": "Wǒmen míngtiān zǎoshang chūfā.", "translation": "We set out tomorrow morning.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-803a5b1dee70fe5b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-803a5b1dee70fe5b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我發現了一條新的小路。", "simplified": "我发现了一条新的小路。", "pinyin": "Wǒ fāxiàn le yī tiáo xīn de xiǎolù.", "translation": "I discovered a new little path.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-cfd1988f3383e635", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-cfd1988f3383e635", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-767c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 發", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%99%BC", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-9aee", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=5278&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading fǎ for head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] } ], "id": "char:767C", "codepoint": "U+767C", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C" ], "radical": "癶", "radicalNumber": 105, "radicalKey": "105", "residualStrokes": 7, "strokes": 12, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+767C kRSUnicode=105.7; kTotalStrokes=12", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "faat3" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+767C kCantonese=faat3", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "Historical and uncommon mappings outside the example words have not been exhaustively reviewed.", "The modern abbreviation itself does not have a dated specimen sequence in this foundation." ], "char": "发", "pinyin": [ "fā", "fà" ], "gloss": "send or develop · hair", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "發", "髮" ], "understand": "发 is one simplified shape with two major traditional correspondences. In 发现, discover, or 出发, set out, it corresponds to 發 and is fā. In 发型, hairstyle, or 理发, haircutting, it corresponds to 髮 and is ordinarily fà in mainland Mandarin; 头发 commonly has a neutral final syllable. You cannot reverse this simplification accurately by replacing every 发 with the same traditional character. Read the word first. This portrait keeps the two sense groups, readings, and histories separate, while making both available from the same simplified route. Regional pronunciation details are explained in the 髮 portrait.", "senses": [ { "reading": "fā", "meaning": "Uses corresponding to 發", "label": "Traditional counterpart 發", "words": [ { "traditional": "發生", "simplified": "发生", "pinyin": "fā shēng", "meaning": "to happen; occur", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "發現", "simplified": "发现", "pinyin": "fā xiàn", "meaning": "to discover; notice", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "出發", "simplified": "出发", "pinyin": "chū fā", "meaning": "to set out", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:53D1:1" }, { "reading": "fà", "meaning": "Hair, corresponding to 髮", "label": "Mainland Mandarin; neutral syllable in tóufa", "words": [ { "traditional": "頭髮", "simplified": "头发", "pinyin": "tóu fa", "meaning": "hair on the head", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "理髮", "simplified": "理发", "pinyin": "lǐ fà", "meaning": "to cut hair; get a haircut", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "髮型", "simplified": "发型", "pinyin": "fà xíng", "meaning": "hairstyle", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:53D1:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [], "layout": "single", "note": "发 is treated as one abbreviated modern form. Similar visible strokes are not used to infer a single origin for its different sense groups. The two traditional correspondences remain separate research identities." }, "history": [ { "title": "Two correspondences are explicitly recorded", "text": "CUHK’s 发 entry lists both 發 and 髮. This is a many-to-one modern spelling relationship. It does not establish one shared origin for those two characters.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-53d1" ], "status": "supported" }, { "title": "The 發 branch", "text": "For sending, setting out, and related verbs, open 發 and its bow-related historical discussion.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "The 髮 branch", "text": "For hair words, open 髮 and its separately documented head-and-hair history.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "发现 → 發現; 出发 → 出發; 理发 → 理髮; 发型 → 髮型. These explicit word mappings are the safe examples. Conversion of an unfamiliar word needs lexical evidence; pronunciation and meaning should be checked together instead of guessed from the isolated character.", "confusions": [ { "with": "發", "explanation": "Choose 發 for the words 发生, 发现, 出发, and 发展 when writing traditional Chinese." }, { "with": "髮", "explanation": "Choose 髮 for 头发, 理发, 发型, and 白发 in traditional Chinese. The word’s final tone may vary by lexical and regional convention." } ], "topics": [ "movement", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "出發以前，我想先理髮。", "simplified": "出发以前，我想先理发。", "pinyin": "Chūfā yǐqián, wǒ xiǎng xiān lǐfà.", "translation": "Before setting out, I would like to get a haircut.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-192bb3d5bd4a2454", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-192bb3d5bd4a2454", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "她發現自己的頭髮變長了。", "simplified": "她发现自己的头发变长了。", "pinyin": "Tā fāxiàn zìjǐ de tóufa biàn cháng le.", "translation": "She noticed that her hair had grown longer.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-2e5c2af43420d04f", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-2e5c2af43420d04f", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-53d1", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 发", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%8F%91", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-767c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 發", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%99%BC", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-9aee", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 髮", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%AB%AE", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-9aee", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=5278&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading fǎ for head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] } ], "id": "char:53D1", "codepoint": "U+53D1", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C", "dossier:9AEE" ], "radical": "又", "radicalNumber": 29, "radicalKey": "29", "residualStrokes": 3, "strokes": 5, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+53D1 kRSUnicode=29.3; kTotalStrokes=5", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 339, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "faat3" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+53D1 kCantonese=faat3", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The function of one early component is explicitly uncertain in the consulted CUHK account.", "Further regional pronunciations and historical loans have not been exhaustively reviewed." ], "char": "髮", "pinyin": [ "fà", "fǎ" ], "gloss": "hair on the head", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "发" ], "understand": "髮 is the traditional character for hair on the head. It appears in 頭髮, hair, 理髮, haircutting, and 髮型, hairstyle. The common mainland character reading is fà, while Taiwan’s Ministry of Education records fǎ; the mainland word 頭髮 commonly has a neutral final syllable, tóufa. These are pronunciation conventions, not different kinds of hair. Simplified writing uses 发, which also represents the unrelated 發 of verbs such as 發現. That merger makes word context essential. The upper 髟 component offers a useful visual clue, while the older forms are investigated separately in the historical account.", "senses": [ { "reading": "fà", "meaning": "Hair on the head", "label": "Mainland Mandarin; tóufa has a neutral final syllable", "words": [ { "traditional": "頭髮", "simplified": "头发", "pinyin": "tóu fa", "meaning": "hair on the head", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "理髮", "simplified": "理发", "pinyin": "lǐ fà", "meaning": "to cut hair; get a haircut", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "髮型", "simplified": "发型", "pinyin": "fà xíng", "meaning": "hairstyle", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "白髮", "simplified": "白发", "pinyin": "bái fà", "meaning": "white or gray hair", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:9AEE:1" }, { "reading": "fǎ", "meaning": "The corresponding Taiwan Mandarin reading", "label": "Taiwan Ministry of Education dictionary convention", "words": [ { "traditional": "頭髮", "simplified": "头发", "pinyin": "tóu fǎ", "meaning": "hair on the head", "sourceIds": [ "moe-concise-toufa" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "髮型", "simplified": "发型", "pinyin": "fǎ xíng", "meaning": "hairstyle", "sourceIds": [ "moe-concise-faxing-index" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:9AEE:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "髟", "犮" ], "layout": "top-bottom", "note": "髟 is the upper hair-related component, with 犮 underneath. CUHK identifies a phonetic role for 犮 in the later historical form. Do not replace 犮 with the visually similar 友 when inspecting or writing the character." }, "history": [ { "title": "Head and hair in the early forms", "text": "CUHK describes bronze forms with a head component and another element whose original role is uncertain. It reports the proposal that this second element abbreviates a phonetic 犮.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "The later component arrangement", "text": "The entry describes later writing using 髟 in place of the head component and 犮 as phonetic. This historical branch concerns hair and remains distinct from the bow-related discussion of 發.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "髮 simplifies to 发, as does 發. Traditional hair words retain 髮: 頭髮, 理髮, 髮型, 白髮. Traditional script does not inherently require the Taiwan pronunciation: mainland and Taiwan Mandarin conventions must be labeled independently of the displayed spelling.", "confusions": [ { "with": "發", "explanation": "發 is the character in 發生 and 發現. 髮 is hair. They share simplified 发 but remain distinct in traditional writing and in this atlas’s historical model." }, { "with": "友", "explanation": "The lower component is 犮, not the standalone friendship character 友; pay attention to the additional stroke." } ], "topics": [ "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "我今天要去理髮。", "simplified": "我今天要去理发。", "pinyin": "Wǒ jīntiān yào qù lǐfà.", "translation": "I am going to get a haircut today.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-0c0be6964aaa6a49", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-0c0be6964aaa6a49", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "她的新髮型很好看。", "simplified": "她的新发型很好看。", "pinyin": "Tā de xīn fàxíng hěn hǎokàn.", "translation": "Her new hairstyle looks good.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-75f3a7699140063b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-75f3a7699140063b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-9aee", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 髮", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%AB%AE", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-9aee", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=5278&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading fǎ for head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-toufa", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 頭髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=10351&la=1&powerMode=0", "locator": "Hanyu Pinyin; Interpretation", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading tóu fǎ and meaning head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Hanyu Pinyin; Interpretation" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-faxing-index", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Dictionary, 髮 headwords index", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/searchR.jsp?ID=10&ID=190&ID=5&la=0&powerMode=0&word=%E9%AB%AE", "locator": "Row 10: 髮型; ㄈㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan pronunciation fǎ xíng for 髮型.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Row 10: 髮型; ㄈㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ" ] } ], "id": "char:9AEE", "codepoint": "U+9AEE", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9AEE" ], "radical": "髟", "radicalNumber": 190, "radicalKey": "190", "residualStrokes": 5, "strokes": 15, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+9AEE kRSUnicode=190.5; kTotalStrokes=15", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "faat3" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+9AEE kCantonese=faat3", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "char": "后", "pinyin": [ "hòu" ], "gloss": "queen; empress • after, in simplified text", "form": "shared", "alternates": [ "後" ], "understand": "后 has an independent history and is not merely a shortened 後. In both standard writing systems, 皇后 means empress and 王后 means queen. Simplified writing also uses 后 for the after or behind senses written 後 in traditional text: 以後 becomes 以后. A conversion must therefore inspect the word and meaning. 皇后 should never become 皇後. CUHK discusses an early sovereign sense for 后 and questions how its ancient forms should be distinguished from 司. That dossier is separate from the historical account attached to 後.", "senses": [ { "reading": "hòu", "meaning": "Queen, empress, or an established royal title. These words retain 后 in both simplified and traditional writing.", "words": [ { "traditional": "皇后", "simplified": "皇后", "pinyin": "huánghòu", "meaning": "empress; imperial consort", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "皇后 [huang2 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "王后", "simplified": "王后", "pinyin": "wánghòu", "meaning": "queen", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "王后 [wang2 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "太后", "simplified": "太后", "pinyin": "tàihòu", "meaning": "empress dowager", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "太后 [tai4 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:540E:1" }, { "reading": "hòu", "meaning": "A name element in 后羿, the mythological archer Houyi. The name retains 后 when written traditionally.", "label": "proper name", "words": [ { "traditional": "后羿", "simplified": "后羿", "pinyin": "Hòuyì", "meaning": "Houyi, a figure in Chinese mythology", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:540E:2" }, { "reading": "hòu", "meaning": "After, later, or behind when 后 is the simplified counterpart of 後. This sense belongs to a distinct form relationship and historical dossier.", "label": "simplified use of 後", "words": [ { "traditional": "以後", "simplified": "以后", "pinyin": "yǐhòu", "meaning": "after; later", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "以後 [yi3 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "後面", "simplified": "后面", "pinyin": "hòumian", "meaning": "behind; the back; later", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "後面 [hou4 mian5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:540E:3" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "𠂆", "一", "口" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "The modern shape contains an upper sloping part, a horizontal stroke, and 口 below. This visual decomposition does not explain its relationship to 後, which is a context-dependent writing-system mapping. The radical used for indexing 后 is also separate from the question of how the earliest forms were interpreted." }, "history": [ { "title": "A sovereign, not a shortened after", "text": "CUHK gives sovereign as the basic sense and discusses bronze forms in which orientation distinguishes 后 from 司. It attributes to Tang Lan and Li Xiaoding the view that their earlier forms were not distinct in the same way. That account should not be collapsed into the later simplified mapping from 後.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-540e" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "Limits of a traditional explanation", "text": "The entry quotes the Shuowen’s explanation involving a ruler issuing commands. This is a historical lexicographer’s account, reported through CUHK, rather than a direct observation of the graph’s invention.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-540e" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "The relation is conditional: traditional 皇后 → simplified 皇后; traditional 以後 → simplified 以后. Reversing every 后 to 後 would corrupt words such as 皇后 and proper names such as 后羿. The relationship to 後 applies to after and behind senses in simplified writing; it does not apply to all uses of 后.", "confusions": [ { "with": "後", "explanation": "後 is used for after, behind, and later in traditional writing. 后 retains its independent royal and name uses. A shared simplified spelling does not establish a shared origin." }, { "with": "司", "explanation": "司 sī is a distinct modern character. CUHK discusses their relationship in early forms; modern readers must still distinguish their present shapes and uses." } ], "topics": [ "people", "time" ], "gaps": [ "Early identifications are summarized from CUHK only; cited specialist publications have not been independently read.", "Historical specimen images and their item-level dating have not been licensed or independently checked; follow the source link to inspect its evidence." ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "皇后住在宮中。", "simplified": "皇后住在宫中。", "pinyin": "Huánghòu zhù zài gōng zhōng.", "translation": "The empress lives in the palace.", "provenance": { "id": "e-5cc4d9a6c8fa1ed9", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-5cc4d9a6c8fa1ed9", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我們吃完飯以後再走。", "simplified": "我们吃完饭以后再走。", "pinyin": "Wǒmen chī wán fàn yǐhòu zài zǒu.", "translation": "We will leave after we finish eating.", "provenance": { "id": "e-b65fd48e02a358ee", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-b65fd48e02a358ee", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-540e", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 后", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%90%8E", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] } ], "research": "source_checked", "review": { "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "independentReview": "absent" }, "wordLicense": "Selected lexical fields adapted from CC-CEDICT under CC BY-SA 4.0. Editorial explanations and sentences written for zimai.", "id": "char:540E", "codepoint": "U+540E", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:540E", "dossier:5F8C" ], "radical": "口", "radicalNumber": 30, "radicalKey": "30", "residualStrokes": 3, "strokes": 6, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+540E kRSUnicode=30.3; kTotalStrokes=6", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 482, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hau6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+540E kCantonese=hau6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The competing historical roles proposed for 幺 have not been adjudicated through independently consulted scholarship.", "Only common modern mapping contexts are illustrated." ], "char": "後", "pinyin": [ "hòu" ], "gloss": "behind; after; later", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "后" ], "understand": "後 covers both position and sequence: 後面 / 后面 is behind or at the back, and 以後 / 以后 means afterward or in the future. Its ordinary Mandarin reading is hòu. Simplified writing uses 后 for these senses, but traditional 后 also exists independently in words such as 皇后, empress. Consequently, converting simplified 后 back to traditional writing requires the whole word and context. Historically, CUHK discusses foot and thread-like elements in 後, with more than one account of their role. That history belongs to 後, not automatically to every word written with modern simplified 后.", "senses": [ { "reading": "hòu", "meaning": "Behind; at the back", "words": [ { "traditional": "後面", "simplified": "后面", "pinyin": "hòu mian", "meaning": "behind; the back", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5F8C:1" }, { "reading": "hòu", "meaning": "Later; after; last", "words": [ { "traditional": "以後", "simplified": "以后", "pinyin": "yǐ hòu", "meaning": "afterward; in the future", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "後來", "simplified": "后来", "pinyin": "hòu lái", "meaning": "later; afterward", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "最後", "simplified": "最后", "pinyin": "zuì hòu", "meaning": "last; finally", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5F8C:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "彳", "幺", "夊" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "彳 is on the left, with 幺 and a lower foot-like region on the right. These labels describe the current visible shape. The historical roles of those regions are separately attributed in the discussion below. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ." }, "history": [ { "title": "A foot and a thread-like element", "text": "CUHK presents an account in which a foot restrained by a cord suggests falling behind, and describes a movement component being added. It attributes this reading of the elements to earlier scholarship.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5f8c" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "An alternative phonetic explanation", "text": "The same entry also reports that 幺 may have served as a sound element. The portrait therefore does not present the cord story as the sole settled explanation. Direct comparison with the cited studies remains to be done.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5f8c" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "後 → 后 for the behind/after senses: 以後 → 以后. The reverse is contextual. 皇后 remains 皇后 in traditional Chinese because its 后 is the independent ruler or consort character. Never apply a blanket 后 → 後 replacement.", "confusions": [ { "with": "后", "explanation": "In traditional writing, 后 has its own ruler/consort history and usage; 後 concerns behind or later. In simplified writing, 后 also carries the ordinary 後 senses, so the modern forms overlap contextually." } ], "topics": [ "movement", "time" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "茶館在書店後面。", "simplified": "茶馆在书店后面。", "pinyin": "Cháguǎn zài shūdiàn hòumian.", "translation": "The teahouse is behind the bookshop.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-8675a25c39cd50bf", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-8675a25c39cd50bf", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "吃飯以後，我們去散步。", "simplified": "吃饭以后，我们去散步。", "pinyin": "Chīfàn yǐhòu, wǒmen qù sànbù.", "translation": "After eating, we will go for a walk.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-77a2d2729ac61a1b", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-77a2d2729ac61a1b", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-5f8c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 後", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%BE%8C", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-5f8c", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 後", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=14209&la=1", "locator": "A01287, 字樣說明", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "A01287, 字樣說明" ] } ], "id": "char:5F8C", "codepoint": "U+5F8C", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5F8C" ], "radical": "彳", "radicalNumber": 60, "radicalKey": "60", "residualStrokes": 6, "strokes": 9, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5F8C kRSUnicode=60.6; kTotalStrokes=9", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hau6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+5F8C kCantonese=hau6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "The counting/teaching and architectural interpretations are reported through CUHK; their original studies need direct review.", "A specimen-based history of the abbreviated 学 form remains open." ], "char": "學", "pinyin": [ "xué" ], "gloss": "learn; study; a field of knowledge", "form": "traditional", "alternates": [ "学" ], "understand": "學 is central to words for learning and education: 學習 / 学习 is to study or learn, 學生 / 学生 is a student, and 學校 / 学校 is a school. In 科學 / 科学, the whole word means science. Its detailed upper portion invites a pictorial explanation, but the earlier evidence supports a more careful account than “a child under a roof.” CUHK discusses hand-like forms, counting or divining implements, and an alternative architectural interpretation. The historical discussion keeps those proposals attributed while the modern examples show how this character continues to organize a large vocabulary of knowledge.", "senses": [ { "reading": "xué", "meaning": "Learn and study", "words": [ { "traditional": "學習", "simplified": "学习", "pinyin": "xué xí", "meaning": "to learn; study", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "學生", "simplified": "学生", "pinyin": "xué sheng", "meaning": "student", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5B78:1" }, { "reading": "xué", "meaning": "An educational institution or field of knowledge", "words": [ { "traditional": "學校", "simplified": "学校", "pinyin": "xué xiào", "meaning": "school", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "科學", "simplified": "科学", "pinyin": "kē xué", "meaning": "science; scientific", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5B78:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "𦥑", "爻", "冖", "子" ], "layout": "complex", "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene." }, "history": [ { "title": "A teaching-and-counting interpretation", "text": "CUHK discusses early forms with paired hand-like shapes and elements interpreted as counting or divining implements. It reports 子 being added in bronze forms and relates the graph to learning and teaching.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b78" ], "status": "attributed" }, { "title": "An architectural alternative", "text": "The entry also presents Shirakawa Shizuka’s interpretation involving a building with crossed timbers. These are different historical proposals. The dossier has not independently checked their underlying publications, so it does not select a winner or reconstruct a classroom scene.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b78" ], "status": "attributed" } ], "formsNote": "學 corresponds to simplified 学. The visible lower 子 remains, while the upper structure is reduced. Both routes share one historical dossier. The word 學生 is xuésheng in the CC-CEDICT examples here; Taiwan’s Ministry of Education gives the full-tone xuéshēng.", "confusions": [ { "with": "覺", "explanation": "覺 has a similar upper region but 見 beneath it, while 學 has 子. Their similarity does not mean every modern sense or reading can be inferred from the other character." } ], "topics": [ "learning", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "我每天學習一點中文。", "simplified": "我每天学习一点中文。", "pinyin": "Wǒ měitiān xuéxí yīdiǎn Zhōngwén.", "translation": "I study a little Chinese every day.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-2bcbe00351fa37ee", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-2bcbe00351fa37ee", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "這所學校有一個小花園。", "simplified": "这所学校有一个小花园。", "pinyin": "Zhè suǒ xuéxiào yǒu yī gè xiǎo huāyuán.", "translation": "This school has a small garden.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-aed42fbe720a42ce", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-aed42fbe720a42ce", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-5b78", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 學", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%AD%B8", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-xuesheng", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 學生", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=28513&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary full-tone reading xué shēng.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] } ], "id": "char:5B78", "codepoint": "U+5B78", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5B78" ], "radical": "子", "radicalNumber": 39, "radicalKey": "39", "residualStrokes": 13, "strokes": 16, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5B78 kRSUnicode=39.13; kTotalStrokes=16", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [], "levelOne": false }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hok6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+5B78 kCantonese=hok6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } }, { "research": "source_checked", "gaps": [ "A dated history of abbreviated 学 forms requires further direct evidence.", "No independent specialist review or historical-image reuse permission." ], "char": "学", "pinyin": [ "xué" ], "gloss": "learn; study; a field of knowledge", "form": "simplified", "alternates": [ "學" ], "understand": "学 is the simplified character used in everyday words about learning. 学习 means to learn or study, 学生 is a student, 学校 is a school, and 科学 is science. The meaning of the whole word matters: 科学 is not normally translated by assigning a separate English noun to each of its characters. Traditional writing uses 學. The simplified form keeps 子 at the bottom and reduces the upper region. Earlier forms and origin proposals belong to the shared 學 dossier. This modern route explains the spelling you see today without inventing a separate ancient history from its fewer strokes.", "senses": [ { "reading": "xué", "meaning": "Learn and study", "words": [ { "traditional": "學習", "simplified": "学习", "pinyin": "xué xí", "meaning": "to learn; study", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "學生", "simplified": "学生", "pinyin": "xué sheng", "meaning": "student", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5B66:1" }, { "reading": "xué", "meaning": "An educational institution or field of knowledge", "words": [ { "traditional": "學校", "simplified": "学校", "pinyin": "xué xiào", "meaning": "school", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" }, { "traditional": "科學", "simplified": "科学", "pinyin": "kē xué", "meaning": "science; scientific", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0" } ], "id": "sense:5B66:2" } ], "structure": { "parts": [ "⺍", "冖", "子" ], "layout": "top-bottom", "note": "A small upper stroke cluster sits above 冖 and 子. This is a modern grouping for inspection, not evidence that the character was created by combining three modern words. The historical analysis belongs to the fuller 學 dossier." }, "history": [ { "title": "One modern route into a shared history", "text": "CUHK identifies 学 as corresponding to 學 and directs readers to that historical entry. The precise dates and examples of earlier abbreviated forms are not established by that cross-reference alone.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b66" ], "status": "supported" } ], "formsNote": "学习 → 學習, 学生 → 學生, 学校 → 學校, 科学 → 科學. The 学/學 difference concerns writing convention. Pronunciation conventions must be stated separately, including the neutral syllable in mainland xuésheng and Taiwan’s dictionary xuéshēng.", "confusions": [ { "with": "字", "explanation": "Both 学 and 字 end with 子, but 字 has 宀 above it and means character or written word in common uses. The upper strokes matter." }, { "with": "觉", "explanation": "觉 has 见 at the bottom; 学 has 子. Their similar upper regions do not make them interchangeable." } ], "topics": [ "learning", "people" ], "examples": [ { "traditional": "我是這裡的學生。", "simplified": "我是这里的学生。", "pinyin": "Wǒ shì zhèlǐ de xuésheng.", "translation": "I am a student here.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-dbf6d691f0f077a5", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-dbf6d691f0f077a5", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } }, { "traditional": "我們一起學中文吧。", "simplified": "我们一起学中文吧。", "pinyin": "Wǒmen yīqǐ xué Zhōngwén ba.", "translation": "Let us learn Chinese together.", "origin": "original_editorial", "provenance": { "id": "e-7f021840dd122717", "sourceUrl": "/editorial-examples/#e-7f021840dd122717", "contributor": "zimai editorial · AI-assisted", "origin": "Project-original sentence and translation", "licenseStatus": "No open reuse license granted", "independentReview": false } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-5b66", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 学", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%AD%A6", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-xuesheng", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 學生", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=28513&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary full-tone reading xué shēng.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] } ], "id": "char:5B66", "codepoint": "U+5B66", "publication": "published", "independentReview": "absent", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5B78" ], "radical": "子", "radicalNumber": 39, "radicalKey": "39", "residualStrokes": 5, "strokes": 8, "indexLocator": "Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5B66 kRSUnicode=39.5; kTotalStrokes=8", "membership": { "source": "unihan17", "property": "kTGH", "entries": [ { "year": 2013, "index": 1273, "level": 1 } ], "levelOne": true }, "cantonese": { "values": [ "hok6" ], "language": "yue", "system": "Jyutping", "sourceId": "unihan17", "locator": "Unihan_Readings.txt: U+5B66 kCantonese=hok6", "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value.", "senseIds": [], "coverage": "selected_character_reading" } } ], "components": [ { "id": "component:6728", "shape": "木", "name": "The 木 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:6797", "shape": "林", "name": "The 林 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:53E3", "shape": "口", "name": "The 口 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:9FB6", "shape": "龶", "name": "The 龶 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:6708", "shape": "月", "name": "The visible 月 shape", "description": "A literal modern shape. Moon and flesh-derived shapes can look similar; graphical containment does not decide their origin.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:6C35", "shape": "氵", "name": "Water in a left-hand position", "description": "A contextual form associated with 水. It is a component shape here; no separate spoken word is assigned.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:9752", "shape": "青", "name": "The 青 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5FC4", "shape": "忄", "name": "Heart in a left-hand position", "description": "A contextual form associated with 心. Its role in a particular character needs that character’s evidence.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:65E5", "shape": "日", "name": "The 日 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:8A00", "shape": "言", "name": "The 言 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:8BA0", "shape": "讠", "name": "Simplified speech component", "description": "The simplified component corresponding to 言 in words such as 请.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5973", "shape": "女", "name": "The 女 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5B50", "shape": "子", "name": "The 子 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:722B", "shape": "爫", "name": "The 爫 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5196", "shape": "冖", "name": "The 冖 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5FC3", "shape": "心", "name": "The 心 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:590A", "shape": "夊", "name": "A modern lower component", "description": "Kept distinct from 夂. The 愛 and 後 analyses follow the cited Taiwan MOE glyph convention.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:53CB", "shape": "友", "name": "The 友 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5F73", "shape": "彳", "name": "The 彳 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:4E8D", "shape": "亍", "name": "The 亍 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5E7A", "shape": "幺", "name": "The 幺 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:767D", "shape": "白", "name": "The 白 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:7676", "shape": "癶", "name": "The 癶 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:5F13", "shape": "弓", "name": "The 弓 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:6BB3", "shape": "殳", "name": "The 殳 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:9ADF", "shape": "髟", "name": "The 髟 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:72AE", "shape": "犮", "name": "The 犮 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:20086", "shape": "𠂆", "name": "A graphical shape, not a word", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:4E00", "shape": "一", "name": "The 一 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:26951", "shape": "𦥑", "name": "The 𦥑 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:723B", "shape": "爻", "name": "The 爻 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:2E8D", "shape": "⺍", "name": "The ⺍ shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:4EBB", "shape": "亻", "name": "Person in a left-hand position", "description": "A common left-side form associated with 人. No pilot character yet supplies a direct occurrence.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:6C34", "shape": "水", "name": "The 水 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null }, { "id": "component:4EBA", "shape": "人", "name": "The 人 shape", "description": "An editorial modern shape record. Consult the containing character for positional and historical qualifications.", "reading": null } ], "relations": [ { "id": "indexed_under:65E5:65e5:0", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "日", "fromId": "char:65E5", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "radical:72", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "日 is assigned to radical 72 (日) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+65E5 kRSUnicode=72.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:65E5:74:1", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "日", "fromId": "sense:65E5:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "time", "toId": "topic:time", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:65E5:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "rì: A day, a calendar date, or daily occurrence. 日 after a number is common in written dates; everyday spoken dates also use 號 / 号.", "scope": "Topic: Time & the sky. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:65E5:6c:2", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "日", "fromId": "sense:65E5:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "light", "toId": "topic:light", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:65E5:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "rì: The sun or its light. In ordinary conversation the sun itself is usually 太陽 / 太阳; 日 appears especially in compounds.", "scope": "Topic: Light & colour. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6708:6708:3", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "月", "fromId": "char:6708", "fromType": "character", "to": "月", "toId": "radical:74", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "月 is assigned to radical 74 (月) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6708 kRSUnicode=74.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6708:74:4", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "月", "fromId": "sense:6708:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "time", "toId": "topic:time", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6708:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "yuè: A month, monthly period, or numbered month. A month name and a duration require different sentence patterns.", "scope": "Topic: Time & the sky. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6708:6c:5", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "月", "fromId": "sense:6708:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "light", "toId": "topic:light", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6708:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "yuè: The moon and moonlight. These words describe what is seen in the sky, rather than a numbered calendar month.", "scope": "Topic: Light & colour. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6728:6728:6", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "木", "fromId": "char:6728", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "radical:75", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "木 is assigned to radical 75 (木) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6728 kRSUnicode=75.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6728:70:7", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "木", "fromId": "sense:6728:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "plants", "toId": "topic:plants", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6728:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "mù: Trees or woody vegetation. 木 commonly works within a larger word; it is not always the everyday standalone noun for a particular tree.", "scope": "Topic: Trees & growing things. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6797:6728:8", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "林", "fromId": "char:6797", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "radical:75", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "林 is assigned to radical 75 (木) with 4 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6797 kRSUnicode=75.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6797:6728:9", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "林", "fromId": "char:6797", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "component:6728", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "Two 木 components stand side by side. The left component narrows to make room for its neighbor. This modern decomposition agrees with the broad historical account, but exact glyph proportions vary by period and writing convention.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6797:6728:10", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "林", "fromId": "char:6797", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "component:6728", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "Two 木 components stand side by side. The left component narrows to make room for its neighbor. This modern decomposition agrees with the broad historical account, but exact glyph proportions vary by period and writing convention.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6797:70:11", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "林", "fromId": "sense:6797:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "plants", "toId": "topic:plants", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6797:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "lín: Woods, woodland, or a grove", "scope": "Topic: Trees & growing things. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:68EE:6728:12", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "森", "fromId": "char:68EE", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "radical:75", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "森 is assigned to radical 75 (木) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+68EE kRSUnicode=75.8; kTotalStrokes=12", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:68EE:6728:13", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "森", "fromId": "char:68EE", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "component:6728", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "At the first level, 木 sits above 林; opening 林 reveals two further 木 components. The full form therefore contains three trees, but the atlas should distinguish direct components from components found one level deeper.", "scope": "Modern shared form; top-bottom; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:68EE:6797:14", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "森", "fromId": "char:68EE", "fromType": "character", "to": "林", "toId": "component:6797", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "At the first level, 木 sits above 林; opening 林 reveals two further 木 components. The full form therefore contains three trees, but the atlas should distinguish direct components from components found one level deeper.", "scope": "Modern shared form; top-bottom; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:68EE:70:15", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "森", "fromId": "sense:68EE:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "plants", "toId": "topic:plants", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:68EE:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "sēn: Densely wooded; dense or numerous", "scope": "Topic: Trees & growing things. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6C34:6c34:16", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "水", "fromId": "char:6C34", "fromType": "character", "to": "水", "toId": "radical:85", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "水 is assigned to radical 85 (水) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6C34 kRSUnicode=85.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6C34:77:17", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "水", "fromId": "sense:6C34:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "water", "toId": "topic:water", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6C34:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "shuǐ: Water as a substance, including water in a river or water prepared for drinking. A description such as clear water is not by itself a statement about drinking safety.", "scope": "Topic: Water & clarity. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:4EBA:4eba:18", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "人", "fromId": "char:4EBA", "fromType": "character", "to": "人", "toId": "radical:9", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "人 is assigned to radical 9 (人) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4EBA kRSUnicode=9.0; kTotalStrokes=2", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:4EBA:70:19", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "人", "fromId": "sense:4EBA:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:4EBA:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "rén: A human being, people, or humanity. Number is usually supplied by the surrounding phrase rather than by changing 人 itself.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:5FC3:5fc3:20", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "心", "fromId": "char:5FC3", "fromType": "character", "to": "心", "toId": "radical:61", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "心 is assigned to radical 61 (心) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5FC3 kRSUnicode=61.0; kTotalStrokes=4", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5FC3:65:21", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "心", "fromId": "sense:5FC3:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5FC3:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xīn: Feeling, attention, care, and intention. The selected words illustrate distinct functions: a mood, a warning to be careful, concern for someone, and resolve.", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5FC3:70:22", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "心", "fromId": "sense:5FC3:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5FC3:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xīn: The physical heart or the center of something. These senses share a character but should be translated according to the whole word.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:8A00:8a00:23", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "言", "fromId": "char:8A00", "fromType": "character", "to": "言", "toId": "radical:149", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "言 is assigned to radical 149 (言) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8A00 kRSUnicode=149.0; kTotalStrokes=7", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:8A00:53e3:24", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "言", "fromId": "char:8A00", "fromType": "character", "to": "口", "toId": "component:53E3", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "A 口-shaped element is visible beneath the upper strokes. This is a deliberately partial modern analysis, not a claim that 口 alone explains the entire graph’s origin. Standalone 言 and a left-side 言 component occupy different amounts of space. 讠 is the simplified component form used in such characters as 请; it is not the simplified spelling of standalone 言.", "scope": "Modern shared form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:8A00:73:25", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "言", "fromId": "sense:8A00:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "speech", "toId": "topic:speech", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:8A00:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "yán: Language, words, or speech. The order of characters matters: 語言 and 言語 overlap in topic but are distinct words.", "scope": "Topic: Speech & expression. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:9752:9751:26", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "青", "fromId": "char:9752", "fromType": "character", "to": "靑", "toId": "radical:174", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "青 is assigned to radical 174 (靑) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+9752 kRSUnicode=174.0; kTotalStrokes=8", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:9752:9fb6:27", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "青", "fromId": "char:9752", "fromType": "character", "to": "龶", "toId": "component:9FB6", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "For modern visual orientation, 青 can be shown with an upper 龶-shaped part over a 月-shaped lower part. This is a graphical decomposition only. The lower part must not be labeled moon as a historical claim. CUHK’s discussion of earlier forms instead involves 生, 丹, and related historical shapes.", "scope": "Modern shared form; top-bottom; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:9752:6708:28", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "青", "fromId": "char:9752", "fromType": "character", "to": "月", "toId": "component:6708", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "For modern visual orientation, 青 can be shown with an upper 龶-shaped part over a 月-shaped lower part. This is a graphical decomposition only. The lower part must not be labeled moon as a historical claim. CUHK’s discussion of earlier forms instead involves 生, 丹, and related historical shapes.", "scope": "Modern shared form; top-bottom; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:9752:70:29", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "青", "fromId": "sense:9752:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "plants", "toId": "topic:plants", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:9752:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qīng: Color in context. English green or blue-green may fit different compounds; do not impose a precise modern color coordinate on all historical and literary uses.", "scope": "Topic: Trees & growing things. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:9752:6c:30", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "青", "fromId": "sense:9752:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "light", "toId": "topic:light", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:9752:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qīng: Color in context. English green or blue-green may fit different compounds; do not impose a precise modern color coordinate on all historical and literary uses.", "scope": "Topic: Light & colour. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:9752:70:31", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "青", "fromId": "sense:9752:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:9752:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qīng: Youth or youthfulness. This is an established lexical use, not an instruction to translate a person’s age as a color.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6E05:6c34:32", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "清", "fromId": "char:6E05", "fromType": "character", "to": "水", "toId": "radical:85", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "清 is assigned to radical 85 (水) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6E05 kRSUnicode=85.8; kTotalStrokes=11", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6E05:6c35:33", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "清", "fromId": "char:6E05", "fromType": "character", "to": "氵", "toId": "component:6C35", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern direct components are 氵 on the left and 青 on the right. The historical roles are separately supported by the CUHK entry: water as the semantic component and 青 as the phonetic component. Indexing 清 under water, noticing its shape, and explaining its historical construction are related but distinct assertions.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6E05:9752:34", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "清", "fromId": "char:6E05", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern direct components are 氵 on the left and 青 on the right. The historical roles are separately supported by the CUHK entry: water as the semantic component and 青 as the phonetic component. Indexing 清 under water, noticing its shape, and explaining its historical construction are related but distinct assertions.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6E05:77:35", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "清", "fromId": "sense:6E05:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "water", "toId": "topic:water", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6E05:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qīng: Clear water, cleanliness, or removing disorder. The exact action or quality belongs to the word as a whole.", "scope": "Topic: Water & clarity. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6E05:6c:36", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "清", "fromId": "sense:6E05:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "learning", "toId": "topic:learning", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6E05:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qīng: Clarity of perception or understanding. These words describe whether something is distinct or a person is mentally alert.", "scope": "Topic: Learning & knowledge. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:60C5:5fc3:37", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "情", "fromId": "char:60C5", "fromType": "character", "to": "心", "toId": "radical:61", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "情 is assigned to radical 61 (心) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+60C5 kRSUnicode=61.8; kTotalStrokes=11", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:60C5:5fc4:38", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "情", "fromId": "char:60C5", "fromType": "character", "to": "忄", "toId": "component:5FC4", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "忄 occupies the left side; 青 occupies the right. 忄 is a contextual form associated with 心, not an independent everyday word meaning “left-side heart.” CUHK separately supports a semantic role for 心 and a phonetic role for 青.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:60C5:9752:39", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "情", "fromId": "char:60C5", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "忄 occupies the left side; 青 occupies the right. 忄 is a contextual form associated with 心, not an independent everyday word meaning “left-side heart.” CUHK separately supports a semantic role for 心 and a phonetic role for 青.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:60C5:65:40", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "情", "fromId": "sense:60C5:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:60C5:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qíng: Feelings and emotional states", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:60C5:70:41", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "情", "fromId": "sense:60C5:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:60C5:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qíng: A situation or condition", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6674:65e5:42", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "晴", "fromId": "char:6674", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "radical:72", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "晴 is assigned to radical 72 (日) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6674 kRSUnicode=72.8; kTotalStrokes=12", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6674:65e5:43", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "晴", "fromId": "char:6674", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "component:65E5", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "日 is the visible left component and 青 the visible right component. Taiwan’s Ministry of Education confirms the right-hand shape as 青. A full account of how the spelling with 青 developed from other historical spellings remains an explicit research task.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-6674" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6674:9752:44", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "晴", "fromId": "char:6674", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "日 is the visible left component and 青 the visible right component. Taiwan’s Ministry of Education confirms the right-hand shape as 青. A full account of how the spelling with 青 developed from other historical spellings remains an explicit research task.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-6674" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6674:6c:45", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "晴", "fromId": "sense:6674:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "light", "toId": "topic:light", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6674:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qíng: Fine or clear weather", "scope": "Topic: Light & colour. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:8ACB:8a00:46", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "請", "fromId": "char:8ACB", "fromType": "character", "to": "言", "toId": "radical:149", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "請 is assigned to radical 149 (言) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8ACB kRSUnicode=149.8; kTotalStrokes=15", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:8ACB:8a00:47", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "請", "fromId": "char:8ACB", "fromType": "character", "to": "言", "toId": "component:8A00", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "言 is the left component, associated with speech; 青 is on the right. In the historical analysis cited by CUHK, 青 contributes sound. The modern tone of 請 differs from the common qīng reading of 青.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:8ACB:9752:48", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "請", "fromId": "char:8ACB", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "言 is the left component, associated with speech; 青 is on the right. In the historical analysis cited by CUHK, 青 contributes sound. The modern tone of 請 differs from the common qīng reading of 青.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:8ACB:73:49", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "請", "fromId": "sense:8ACB:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "speech", "toId": "topic:speech", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:8ACB:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qǐng: Ask or request politely", "scope": "Topic: Speech & expression. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:8ACB:70:50", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "請", "fromId": "sense:8ACB:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:8ACB:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qǐng: Invite or treat guests", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:8BF7:8ba0:51", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "请", "fromId": "char:8BF7", "fromType": "character", "to": "讠", "toId": "radical:149'", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "请 is assigned to radical 149 (讠) with 8 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+8BF7 kRSUnicode=149'.8; kTotalStrokes=10", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:8BF7:8ba0:52", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "请", "fromId": "char:8BF7", "fromType": "character", "to": "讠", "toId": "component:8BA0", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The direct visible components are 讠 and 青. Here 讠 corresponds to the left-side 言 of traditional 請. It is a component shape; this page does not assign 讠 an independent spoken-word reading.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:8BF7:9752:53", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "请", "fromId": "char:8BF7", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The direct visible components are 讠 and 青. Here 讠 corresponds to the left-side 言 of traditional 請. It is a component shape; this page does not assign 讠 an independent spoken-word reading.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:8BF7:73:54", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "请", "fromId": "sense:8BF7:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "speech", "toId": "topic:speech", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:8BF7:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qǐng: Ask or request politely", "scope": "Topic: Speech & expression. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:8BF7:70:55", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "请", "fromId": "sense:8BF7:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:8BF7:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "qǐng: Invite or treat guests", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:660E:65e5:56", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "明", "fromId": "char:660E", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "radical:72", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "明 is assigned to radical 72 (日) with 4 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+660E kRSUnicode=72.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:660E:65e5:57", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "明", "fromId": "char:660E", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "component:65E5", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "日 is on the left and 月 on the right in the modern standard form. This is a graphical description. It must not erase earlier variants whose left-hand shape is discussed differently by paleographers.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:660E:6708:58", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "明", "fromId": "char:660E", "fromType": "character", "to": "月", "toId": "component:6708", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "日 is on the left and 月 on the right in the modern standard form. This is a graphical description. It must not erase earlier variants whose left-hand shape is discussed differently by paleographers.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:660E:6c:59", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "明", "fromId": "sense:660E:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "light", "toId": "topic:light", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:660E:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "míng: Bright or clear", "scope": "Topic: Light & colour. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:660E:74:60", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "明", "fromId": "sense:660E:3", "fromType": "sense", "to": "time", "toId": "topic:time", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:660E:3", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "míng: Next, in time words", "scope": "Topic: Time & the sky. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:660E:6c:61", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "明", "fromId": "sense:660E:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "learning", "toId": "topic:learning", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:660E:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "míng: Make something clear", "scope": "Topic: Learning & knowledge. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6771:6728:62", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "東", "fromId": "char:6771", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "radical:75", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "東 is assigned to radical 75 (木) with 4 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6771 kRSUnicode=75.4; kTotalStrokes=8", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6771:6728:63", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "東", "fromId": "char:6771", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "component:6728", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "木-like strokes and a 日-like center can be highlighted as overlapping modern shapes. This is a visual reading aid only, not a historical decomposition. It must not create historical edges claiming that 東 was formed from sun plus tree. Simplified 东 has visibly different strokes while representing the same directional word.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6771:65e5:64", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "東", "fromId": "char:6771", "fromType": "character", "to": "日", "toId": "component:65E5", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "木-like strokes and a 日-like center can be highlighted as overlapping modern shapes. This is a visual reading aid only, not a historical decomposition. It must not create historical edges claiming that 東 was formed from sun plus tree. Simplified 东 has visibly different strokes while representing the same directional word.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6771:6d:65", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "東", "fromId": "sense:6771:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6771:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "dōng: East or an eastern direction. Direction words combine conventionally; northeast is 東北 / 东北.", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6771:70:66", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "東", "fromId": "sense:6771:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6771:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "dōng: Words with established non-directional meanings. 房東 is a landlord; 東道主 is a host. 東西 means things when its second syllable has a neutral tone.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:4E1C:4e00:67", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "东", "fromId": "char:4E1C", "fromType": "character", "to": "一", "toId": "radical:1", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "东 is assigned to radical 1 (一) with 4 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4E1C kRSUnicode=1.4; kTotalStrokes=5", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:4E1C:6d:68", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "东", "fromId": "sense:4E1C:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:4E1C:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "dōng: East, a direction", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:4E1C:70:69", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "东", "fromId": "sense:4E1C:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:4E1C:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "dōng: A word element whose meaning depends on the compound", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:597D:5973:70", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "好", "fromId": "char:597D", "fromType": "character", "to": "女", "toId": "radical:38", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "好 is assigned to radical 38 (女) with 3 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+597D kRSUnicode=38.3; kTotalStrokes=6", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:597D:5973:71", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "好", "fromId": "char:597D", "fromType": "character", "to": "女", "toId": "component:5973", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "女 is on the left and 子 on the right. The Ministry of Education’s variant dictionary documents early forms with the components in either order. The standardized modern arrangement should not be projected onto every earlier specimen.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-597d" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:597D:5b50:72", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "好", "fromId": "char:597D", "fromType": "character", "to": "子", "toId": "component:5B50", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "女 is on the left and 子 on the right. The Ministry of Education’s variant dictionary documents early forms with the components in either order. The standardized modern arrangement should not be projected onto every earlier specimen.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-597d" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:597D:70:73", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "好", "fromId": "sense:597D:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:597D:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hǎo: Good; friendly; suitable", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:597D:65:74", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "好", "fromId": "sense:597D:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:597D:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hào: Be fond of; inclined toward", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:611B:5fc3:75", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "愛", "fromId": "char:611B", "fromType": "character", "to": "心", "toId": "radical:61", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "愛 is assigned to radical 61 (心) with 9 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+611B kRSUnicode=61.9; kTotalStrokes=13", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:611B:722b:76", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "愛", "fromId": "char:611B", "fromType": "character", "to": "爫", "toId": "component:722B", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-611b" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:611B:5196:77", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "愛", "fromId": "char:611B", "fromType": "character", "to": "冖", "toId": "component:5196", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-611b" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:611B:5fc3:78", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "愛", "fromId": "char:611B", "fromType": "character", "to": "心", "toId": "component:5FC3", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-611b" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:611B:590a:79", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "愛", "fromId": "char:611B", "fromType": "character", "to": "夊", "toId": "component:590A", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 4. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-611b" ], "position": 3, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:611B:65:80", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "愛", "fromId": "sense:611B:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:611B:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "ài: Love and affection", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:611B:70:81", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "愛", "fromId": "sense:611B:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:611B:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "ài: Cherish; be lovable", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:7231:722a:82", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "爱", "fromId": "char:7231", "fromType": "character", "to": "爪", "toId": "radical:87", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "爱 is assigned to radical 87 (爪) with 6 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+7231 kRSUnicode=87.6; kTotalStrokes=10", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:7231:722b:83", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "爱", "fromId": "char:7231", "fromType": "character", "to": "爫", "toId": "component:722B", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The present form can be visually grouped into 爫, 冖, and a 友-shaped lower region. This is modern graphical analysis, not a claim that the word means “claw, cover, friend” or that those words explain its origin.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:7231:5196:84", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "爱", "fromId": "char:7231", "fromType": "character", "to": "冖", "toId": "component:5196", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The present form can be visually grouped into 爫, 冖, and a 友-shaped lower region. This is modern graphical analysis, not a claim that the word means “claw, cover, friend” or that those words explain its origin.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:7231:53cb:85", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "爱", "fromId": "char:7231", "fromType": "character", "to": "友", "toId": "component:53CB", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The present form can be visually grouped into 爫, 冖, and a 友-shaped lower region. This is modern graphical analysis, not a claim that the word means “claw, cover, friend” or that those words explain its origin.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:7231:65:86", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "爱", "fromId": "sense:7231:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:7231:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "ài: Love and affection", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:7231:70:87", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "爱", "fromId": "sense:7231:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:7231:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "ài: Cherish; be lovable", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:884C:884c:88", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "行", "fromId": "char:884C", "fromType": "character", "to": "行", "toId": "radical:144", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "行 is assigned to radical 144 (行) with 0 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+884C kRSUnicode=144.0; kTotalStrokes=6", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:884C:5f73:89", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "行", "fromId": "char:884C", "fromType": "character", "to": "彳", "toId": "component:5F73", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern shape can be inspected as 彳 on the left and 亍 on the right. This visible division is distinct from the whole early graph’s interpretation as a road junction. A modern component diagram should therefore not retell the historical origin as two independently meaningful present-day words placed together.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:884C:4e8d:90", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "行", "fromId": "char:884C", "fromType": "character", "to": "亍", "toId": "component:4E8D", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern shape can be inspected as 彳 on the left and 亍 on the right. This visible division is distinct from the whole early graph’s interpretation as a road junction. A modern component diagram should therefore not retell the historical origin as two independently meaningful present-day words placed together.", "scope": "Modern shared form; left-right; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:884C:6d:91", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "行", "fromId": "sense:884C:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:884C:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xíng: To go, travel, act, or be workable. On its own 行 can express that something is acceptable or will work.", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:884C:70:92", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "行", "fromId": "sense:884C:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:884C:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "háng: A row, line of work, or commercial establishment. Learn háng as part of these words instead of applying the more familiar xíng automatically.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:91CD:91cc:93", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "重", "fromId": "char:91CD", "fromType": "character", "to": "里", "toId": "radical:166", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "重 is assigned to radical 166 (里) with 2 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+91CD kRSUnicode=166.2; kTotalStrokes=9", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:91CD:6d:94", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "重", "fromId": "sense:91CD:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:91CD:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "chóng: Again; repeated", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:6A02:6728:95", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "樂", "fromId": "char:6A02", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "radical:75", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "樂 is assigned to radical 75 (木) with 11 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+6A02 kRSUnicode=75.11; kTotalStrokes=15", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6A02:5e7a:96", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "樂", "fromId": "char:6A02", "fromType": "character", "to": "幺", "toId": "component:5E7A", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6A02:767d:97", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "樂", "fromId": "char:6A02", "fromType": "character", "to": "白", "toId": "component:767D", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6A02:5e7a:98", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "樂", "fromId": "char:6A02", "fromType": "character", "to": "幺", "toId": "component:5E7A", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:6A02:6728:99", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "樂", "fromId": "char:6A02", "fromType": "character", "to": "木", "toId": "component:6728", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 4. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 3, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6A02:65:100", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "樂", "fromId": "sense:6A02:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6A02:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "lè: Happiness or pleasure", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:6A02:70:101", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "樂", "fromId": "sense:6A02:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:6A02:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "yuè: Music", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:4E50:4e3f:102", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "乐", "fromId": "char:4E50", "fromType": "character", "to": "丿", "toId": "radical:4", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "乐 is assigned to radical 4 (丿) with 4 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+4E50 kRSUnicode=4.4; kTotalStrokes=5", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:4E50:65:103", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "乐", "fromId": "sense:4E50:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "emotion", "toId": "topic:emotion", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:4E50:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "lè: Happiness or pleasure", "scope": "Topic: The inner life. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:4E50:70:104", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "乐", "fromId": "sense:4E50:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:4E50:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "yuè: Music", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:767C:7676:105", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "發", "fromId": "char:767C", "fromType": "character", "to": "癶", "toId": "radical:105", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "發 is assigned to radical 105 (癶) with 7 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+767C kRSUnicode=105.7; kTotalStrokes=12", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:767C:7676:106", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "發", "fromId": "char:767C", "fromType": "character", "to": "癶", "toId": "component:7676", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has an upper 癶-shaped region and lower 弓 and 殳-shaped regions. This visual inventory is separate from the historical account, which discusses earlier bow forms and changing additions.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:767C:5f13:107", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "發", "fromId": "char:767C", "fromType": "character", "to": "弓", "toId": "component:5F13", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has an upper 癶-shaped region and lower 弓 and 殳-shaped regions. This visual inventory is separate from the historical account, which discusses earlier bow forms and changing additions.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:767C:6bb3:108", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "發", "fromId": "char:767C", "fromType": "character", "to": "殳", "toId": "component:6BB3", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern form has an upper 癶-shaped region and lower 弓 and 殳-shaped regions. This visual inventory is separate from the historical account, which discusses earlier bow forms and changing additions.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:767C:6d:109", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "發", "fromId": "sense:767C:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:767C:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "fā: Setting out and developing in established verbs", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:53D1:53c8:110", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "发", "fromId": "char:53D1", "fromType": "character", "to": "又", "toId": "radical:29", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "发 is assigned to radical 29 (又) with 3 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+53D1 kRSUnicode=29.3; kTotalStrokes=5", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:53D1:6d:111", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "发", "fromId": "sense:53D1:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:53D1:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "fā: Uses corresponding to 發", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:53D1:70:112", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "发", "fromId": "sense:53D1:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:53D1:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "fà: Hair, corresponding to 髮", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:9AEE:9adf:113", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "髮", "fromId": "char:9AEE", "fromType": "character", "to": "髟", "toId": "radical:190", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "髮 is assigned to radical 190 (髟) with 5 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+9AEE kRSUnicode=190.5; kTotalStrokes=15", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:9AEE:9adf:114", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "髮", "fromId": "char:9AEE", "fromType": "character", "to": "髟", "toId": "component:9ADF", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "髟 is the upper hair-related component, with 犮 underneath. CUHK identifies a phonetic role for 犮 in the later historical form. Do not replace 犮 with the visually similar 友 when inspecting or writing the character.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; top-bottom; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:9AEE:72ae:115", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "髮", "fromId": "char:9AEE", "fromType": "character", "to": "犮", "toId": "component:72AE", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "髟 is the upper hair-related component, with 犮 underneath. CUHK identifies a phonetic role for 犮 in the later historical form. Do not replace 犮 with the visually similar 友 when inspecting or writing the character.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; top-bottom; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:9AEE:70:116", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "髮", "fromId": "sense:9AEE:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:9AEE:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "fà: Hair on the head", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:540E:53e3:117", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "后", "fromId": "char:540E", "fromType": "character", "to": "口", "toId": "radical:30", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "后 is assigned to radical 30 (口) with 3 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+540E kRSUnicode=30.3; kTotalStrokes=6", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:540E:20086:118", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "后", "fromId": "char:540E", "fromType": "character", "to": "𠂆", "toId": "component:20086", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern shape contains an upper sloping part, a horizontal stroke, and 口 below. This visual decomposition does not explain its relationship to 後, which is a context-dependent writing-system mapping. The radical used for indexing 后 is also separate from the question of how the earliest forms were interpreted.", "scope": "Modern shared form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:540E:4e00:119", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "后", "fromId": "char:540E", "fromType": "character", "to": "一", "toId": "component:4E00", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern shape contains an upper sloping part, a horizontal stroke, and 口 below. This visual decomposition does not explain its relationship to 後, which is a context-dependent writing-system mapping. The radical used for indexing 后 is also separate from the question of how the earliest forms were interpreted.", "scope": "Modern shared form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:540E:53e3:120", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "后", "fromId": "char:540E", "fromType": "character", "to": "口", "toId": "component:53E3", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern shape contains an upper sloping part, a horizontal stroke, and 口 below. This visual decomposition does not explain its relationship to 後, which is a context-dependent writing-system mapping. The radical used for indexing 后 is also separate from the question of how the earliest forms were interpreted.", "scope": "Modern shared form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:540E:70:121", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "后", "fromId": "sense:540E:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:540E:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hòu: Queen, empress, or an established royal title. These words retain 后 in both simplified and traditional writing.", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:540E:74:122", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "后", "fromId": "sense:540E:3", "fromType": "sense", "to": "time", "toId": "topic:time", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:540E:3", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hòu: After, later, or behind when 后 is the simplified counterpart of 後. This sense belongs to a distinct form relationship and historical dossier.", "scope": "Topic: Time & the sky. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:5F8C:5f73:123", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "後", "fromId": "char:5F8C", "fromType": "character", "to": "彳", "toId": "radical:60", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "後 is assigned to radical 60 (彳) with 6 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5F8C kRSUnicode=60.6; kTotalStrokes=9", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5F8C:5f73:124", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "後", "fromId": "char:5F8C", "fromType": "character", "to": "彳", "toId": "component:5F73", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "彳 is on the left, with 幺 and a lower foot-like region on the right. These labels describe the current visible shape. The historical roles of those regions are separately attributed in the discussion below. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-5f8c" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5F8C:5e7a:125", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "後", "fromId": "char:5F8C", "fromType": "character", "to": "幺", "toId": "component:5E7A", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "彳 is on the left, with 幺 and a lower foot-like region on the right. These labels describe the current visible shape. The historical roles of those regions are separately attributed in the discussion below. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-5f8c" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5F8C:590a:126", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "後", "fromId": "char:5F8C", "fromType": "character", "to": "夊", "toId": "component:590A", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "彳 is on the left, with 幺 and a lower foot-like region on the right. These labels describe the current visible shape. The historical roles of those regions are separately attributed in the discussion below. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-5f8c" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5F8C:6d:127", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "後", "fromId": "sense:5F8C:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "movement", "toId": "topic:movement", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5F8C:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hòu: Behind; at the back", "scope": "Topic: Movement & direction. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5F8C:74:128", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "後", "fromId": "sense:5F8C:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "time", "toId": "topic:time", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5F8C:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "hòu: Later; after; last", "scope": "Topic: Time & the sky. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:5B78:5b50:129", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "學", "fromId": "char:5B78", "fromType": "character", "to": "子", "toId": "radical:39", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "學 is assigned to radical 39 (子) with 13 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5B78 kRSUnicode=39.13; kTotalStrokes=16", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B78:26951:130", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "學", "fromId": "char:5B78", "fromType": "character", "to": "𦥑", "toId": "component:26951", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B78:723b:131", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "學", "fromId": "char:5B78", "fromType": "character", "to": "爻", "toId": "component:723B", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B78:5196:132", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "學", "fromId": "char:5B78", "fromType": "character", "to": "冖", "toId": "component:5196", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B78:5b50:133", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "學", "fromId": "char:5B78", "fromType": "character", "to": "子", "toId": "component:5B50", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene.", "scope": "Modern traditional form; complex; recorded part 4. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 3, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5B78:6c:134", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "學", "fromId": "sense:5B78:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "learning", "toId": "topic:learning", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5B78:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xué: Learn and study", "scope": "Topic: Learning & knowledge. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5B78:70:135", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "學", "fromId": "sense:5B78:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5B78:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xué: An educational institution or field of knowledge", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "indexed_under:5B66:5b50:136", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "indexed_under", "from": "学", "fromId": "char:5B66", "fromType": "character", "to": "子", "toId": "radical:39", "toType": "radical", "label": "indexed under", "note": "学 is assigned to radical 39 (子) with 5 residual strokes in the pinned Unihan snapshot. Unihan_IRGSources.txt: U+5B66 kRSUnicode=39.5; kTotalStrokes=8", "scope": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode; dictionary indexing, not derivation.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B66:2e8d:137", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "学", "fromId": "char:5B66", "fromType": "character", "to": "⺍", "toId": "component:2E8D", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "A small upper stroke cluster sits above 冖 and 子. This is a modern grouping for inspection, not evidence that the character was created by combining three modern words. The historical analysis belongs to the fuller 學 dossier.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; top-bottom; recorded part 1. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 0, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B66:5196:138", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "学", "fromId": "char:5B66", "fromType": "character", "to": "冖", "toId": "component:5196", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "A small upper stroke cluster sits above 冖 and 子. This is a modern grouping for inspection, not evidence that the character was created by combining three modern words. The historical analysis belongs to the fuller 學 dossier.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; top-bottom; recorded part 2. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 1, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "contains_direct_component:5B66:5b50:139", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contains_direct_component", "from": "学", "fromId": "char:5B66", "fromType": "character", "to": "子", "toId": "component:5B50", "toType": "component", "label": "contains this modern shape", "note": "A small upper stroke cluster sits above 冖 and 子. This is a modern grouping for inspection, not evidence that the character was created by combining three modern words. The historical analysis belongs to the fuller 學 dossier.", "scope": "Modern simplified form; top-bottom; recorded part 3. May be a partial or overlapping shape analysis where the note says so.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ], "position": 2, "role": "graphical_only" }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5B66:6c:140", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "学", "fromId": "sense:5B66:1", "fromType": "sense", "to": "learning", "toId": "topic:learning", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5B66:1", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xué: Learn and study", "scope": "Topic: Learning & knowledge. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "sense_in_topic:5B66:70:141", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "sense_in_topic", "from": "学", "fromId": "sense:5B66:2", "fromType": "sense", "to": "people", "toId": "topic:people", "toType": "topic", "senseId": "sense:5B66:2", "label": "this sense is in an editorial topic", "note": "xué: An educational institution or field of knowledge", "scope": "Topic: People & society. Editorial association only; not shared origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-topics", "cc-cedict-20261012" ] }, { "id": "contextual_form_of:6C35:6c34:142", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contextual_form_of", "from": "氵", "fromId": "component:6C35", "fromType": "component", "to": "水", "toId": "component:6C34", "toType": "component", "label": "contextual component form of", "note": "氵 is grouped with 水 for modern component exploration. This grouping does not assign the shape an independent word or universal etymological role.", "scope": "Modern component convention; broader matching requires explicitly enabling contextual forms.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contextual_form_of:5FC4:5fc3:143", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contextual_form_of", "from": "忄", "fromId": "component:5FC4", "fromType": "component", "to": "心", "toId": "component:5FC3", "toType": "component", "label": "contextual component form of", "note": "忄 is grouped with 心 for modern component exploration. This grouping does not assign the shape an independent word or universal etymological role.", "scope": "Modern component convention; broader matching requires explicitly enabling contextual forms.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contextual_form_of:4EBB:4eba:144", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contextual_form_of", "from": "亻", "fromId": "component:4EBB", "fromType": "component", "to": "人", "toId": "component:4EBA", "toType": "component", "label": "contextual component form of", "note": "亻 is grouped with 人 for modern component exploration. This grouping does not assign the shape an independent word or universal etymological role.", "scope": "Modern component convention; broader matching requires explicitly enabling contextual forms.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "contextual_form_of:8BA0:8a00:145", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "contextual_form_of", "from": "讠", "fromId": "component:8BA0", "fromType": "component", "to": "言", "toId": "component:8A00", "toType": "component", "label": "contextual component form of", "note": "讠 is grouped with 言 for modern component exploration. This grouping does not assign the shape an independent word or universal etymological role.", "scope": "Modern component convention; broader matching requires explicitly enabling contextual forms.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, { "id": "has_phonetic_component:6E05:9752:146", "status": "attributed to consulted CUHK entry", "type": "has_phonetic_component", "from": "清", "fromId": "char:6E05", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "has a phonetic component", "note": "The consulted CUHK entry explicitly identifies 青 as a phonetic element in 清. Modern Mandarin qīng is a current reading, not an ancient reconstruction.", "scope": "Historical graphical construction in the consulted CUHK account; no claim of common spoken-word etymology.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6e05" ] }, { "id": "has_phonetic_component:60C5:9752:147", "status": "attributed to consulted CUHK entry", "type": "has_phonetic_component", "from": "情", "fromId": "char:60C5", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "has a phonetic component", "note": "The consulted CUHK entry explicitly identifies 青 as a phonetic element in 情. Modern Mandarin qíng is a current reading, not an ancient reconstruction.", "scope": "Historical graphical construction in the consulted CUHK account; no claim of common spoken-word etymology.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-60c5" ] }, { "id": "has_phonetic_component:8ACB:9752:148", "status": "attributed to consulted CUHK entry", "type": "has_phonetic_component", "from": "請", "fromId": "char:8ACB", "fromType": "character", "to": "青", "toId": "component:9752", "toType": "component", "label": "has a phonetic component", "note": "The consulted CUHK entry explicitly identifies 青 as a phonetic element in 請. Modern Mandarin qǐng is a current reading, not an ancient reconstruction.", "scope": "Historical graphical construction in the consulted CUHK account; no claim of common spoken-word etymology.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8acb" ] }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:8BF7:8acb:149", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "请", "fromId": "char:8BF7", "fromType": "character", "to": "請", "toId": "char:8ACB", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "Use 请 in simplified text and 請 in traditional text for the words shown. Converting the whole word may affect other characters too. For example, the unchanged 青 component does not tell us whether other characters elsewhere in a sentence require conversion.", "scope": "Modern simplified/traditional counterpart in requesting and inviting uses.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-8bf7" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:4E1C:6771:150", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "东", "fromId": "char:4E1C", "fromType": "character", "to": "東", "toId": "char:6771", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "东方 → 東方; 东北 → 東北; 房东 → 房東; 东西 → 東西. The script change does not resolve the two pronunciations of 東西 / 东西: the intended word still determines whether 西 is xī or neutral-tone xi.", "scope": "Modern simplified/traditional counterpart in east and associated lexical uses.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-4e1c" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:7231:611b:151", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "爱", "fromId": "char:7231", "fromType": "character", "to": "愛", "toId": "char:611B", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "爱 and 愛 correspond in the ordinary modern words illustrated here. Form convention and spoken language are separate: a speaker’s pronunciation is not determined simply by which orthography a page uses. The historical development and dating of particular abbreviated forms still need direct documentation.", "scope": "Modern simplified/traditional counterpart in love and care uses.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-7231" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:4E50:6a02:152", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "乐", "fromId": "char:4E50", "fromType": "character", "to": "樂", "toId": "char:6A02", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "音乐 → 音樂, 乐器 → 樂器, 快乐 → 快樂, 乐观 → 樂觀. These conversions preserve the intended words. They do not turn all instances of 乐 into one reading, and a name must be checked as a name rather than guessed from common vocabulary.", "scope": "Modern simplified/traditional counterpart; each reading still belongs to its own word.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-4e50" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:5B66:5b78:153", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "学", "fromId": "char:5B66", "fromType": "character", "to": "學", "toId": "char:5B78", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "学习 → 學習, 学生 → 學生, 学校 → 學校, 科学 → 科學. The 学/學 difference concerns writing convention. Pronunciation conventions must be stated separately, including the neutral syllable in mainland xuésheng and Taiwan’s dictionary xuéshēng.", "scope": "Modern simplified/traditional counterpart in learning uses.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-5b66" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:53D1:767c:154", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "发", "fromId": "char:53D1", "fromType": "character", "to": "發", "toId": "char:767C", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "发现 → 發現; 出发 → 出發; 理发 → 理髮; 发型 → 髮型. These explicit word mappings are the safe examples. Conversion of an unfamiliar word needs lexical evidence; pronunciation and meaning should be checked together instead of guessed from the isolated character.", "scope": "fā: setting out, sending, development, occurrence, and associated uses. Not the hair sense.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-53d1" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:53D1:9aee:155", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "发", "fromId": "char:53D1", "fromType": "character", "to": "髮", "toId": "char:9AEE", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "发现 → 發現; 出发 → 出發; 理发 → 理髮; 发型 → 髮型. These explicit word mappings are the safe examples. Conversion of an unfamiliar word needs lexical evidence; pronunciation and meaning should be checked together instead of guessed from the isolated character.", "scope": "Hair-related uses: mainland fà; Taiwan traditional 髮 fǎ is separately labelled in its portrait.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-53d1" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" }, { "id": "variant_of_in_context:540E:5f8c:156", "status": "supported within stated scope", "type": "variant_of_in_context", "from": "后", "fromId": "char:540E", "fromType": "character", "to": "後", "toId": "char:5F8C", "toType": "character", "label": "simplified counterpart in this sense", "note": "The relation is conditional: traditional 皇后 → simplified 皇后; traditional 以後 → simplified 以后. Reversing every 后 to 後 would corrupt words such as 皇后 and proper names such as 后羿. The relationship to 後 applies to after and behind senses in simplified writing; it does not apply to all uses of 后.", "scope": "After, behind, later only. Independent 后 in royal titles and names remains 后.", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cc-cedict-20261012", "cuhk-540e" ], "direction": "simplified_to_traditional_in_context" } ], "words": [ { "traditional": "日光", "simplified": "日光", "pinyin": "rìguāng", "meaning": "sunlight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日光 [ri4 guang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:日光:rìguāng" }, { "traditional": "日出", "simplified": "日出", "pinyin": "rìchū", "meaning": "sunrise", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日出 [ri4 chu1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:日出:rìchū" }, { "traditional": "日落", "simplified": "日落", "pinyin": "rìluò", "meaning": "sunset", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日落 [ri4 luo4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:日落:rìluò" }, { "traditional": "日期", "simplified": "日期", "pinyin": "rìqī", "meaning": "calendar date", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日期 [ri4 qi1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:日期:rìqī" }, { "traditional": "生日", "simplified": "生日", "pinyin": "shēngrì", "meaning": "birthday", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "生日 [sheng1 ri4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:生日:shēngrì" }, { "traditional": "日常", "simplified": "日常", "pinyin": "rìcháng", "meaning": "daily; everyday", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "日常 [ri4 chang2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:日常:rìcháng" }, { "traditional": "月亮", "simplified": "月亮", "pinyin": "yuèliang", "meaning": "the moon", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月亮 [yue4 liang5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:月亮:yuèliang" }, { "traditional": "月光", "simplified": "月光", "pinyin": "yuèguāng", "meaning": "moonlight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月光 [yue4 guang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:月光:yuèguāng" }, { "traditional": "月餅", "simplified": "月饼", "pinyin": "yuèbǐng", "meaning": "mooncake", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月餅 [yue4 bing3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:月餅:yuèbǐng" }, { "traditional": "月份", "simplified": "月份", "pinyin": "yuèfèn", "meaning": "month", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月份 [yue4 fen4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:月份:yuèfèn" }, { "traditional": "一月", "simplified": "一月", "pinyin": "yī yuè", "meaning": "January; first month", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "一月 [Yi1 yue4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:一月:yī yuè" }, { "traditional": "月薪", "simplified": "月薪", "pinyin": "yuèxīn", "meaning": "monthly pay", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:月薪:yuèxīn" }, { "traditional": "樹木", "simplified": "树木", "pinyin": "shùmù", "meaning": "trees", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "樹木 [shu4 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樹木:shùmù" }, { "traditional": "草木", "simplified": "草木", "pinyin": "cǎomù", "meaning": "vegetation; plants", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "草木 [cao3 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:草木:cǎomù" }, { "traditional": "木材", "simplified": "木材", "pinyin": "mùcái", "meaning": "wood; timber", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木材 [mu4 cai2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:木材:mùcái" }, { "traditional": "木頭", "simplified": "木头", "pinyin": "mùtou", "meaning": "wood; a piece of wood", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木頭 [mu4 tou5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:木頭:mùtou" }, { "traditional": "木匠", "simplified": "木匠", "pinyin": "mùjiàng", "meaning": "carpenter", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "木匠 [mu4 jiang4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:木匠:mùjiàng" }, { "traditional": "麻木", "simplified": "麻木", "pinyin": "mámù", "meaning": "numb; unresponsive", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:麻木:mámù" }, { "traditional": "樹林", "simplified": "树林", "pinyin": "shù lín", "meaning": "woods; a grove", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樹林:shù lín" }, { "traditional": "森林", "simplified": "森林", "pinyin": "sēn lín", "meaning": "forest", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:森林:sēn lín" }, { "traditional": "林地", "simplified": "林地", "pinyin": "lín dì", "meaning": "woodland", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:林地:lín dì" }, { "traditional": "林業", "simplified": "林业", "pinyin": "lín yè", "meaning": "forestry", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:林業:lín yè" }, { "traditional": "森然", "simplified": "森然", "pinyin": "sēn rán", "meaning": "dense; imposing", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:森然:sēn rán" }, { "traditional": "森嚴", "simplified": "森严", "pinyin": "sēn yán", "meaning": "strict; tightly guarded", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:森嚴:sēn yán" }, { "traditional": "陰森", "simplified": "阴森", "pinyin": "yīn sēn", "meaning": "gloomy; eerie", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:陰森:yīn sēn" }, { "traditional": "河水", "simplified": "河水", "pinyin": "héshuǐ", "meaning": "river water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "河水 [he2 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:河水:héshuǐ" }, { "traditional": "清水", "simplified": "清水", "pinyin": "qīngshuǐ", "meaning": "clear water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清水 [qing1 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清水:qīngshuǐ" }, { "traditional": "開水", "simplified": "开水", "pinyin": "kāishuǐ", "meaning": "boiled or boiling water", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "開水 [kai1 shui3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:開水:kāishuǐ" }, { "traditional": "水面", "simplified": "水面", "pinyin": "shuǐmiàn", "meaning": "water surface", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水面 [shui3 mian4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:水面:shuǐmiàn" }, { "traditional": "水果", "simplified": "水果", "pinyin": "shuǐguǒ", "meaning": "fruit", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水果 [shui3 guo3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:水果:shuǐguǒ" }, { "traditional": "水平", "simplified": "水平", "pinyin": "shuǐpíng", "meaning": "level; standard; horizontal", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "水平 [shui3 ping2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:水平:shuǐpíng" }, { "traditional": "人口", "simplified": "人口", "pinyin": "rénkǒu", "meaning": "population", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人口 [ren2 kou3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:人口:rénkǒu" }, { "traditional": "人們", "simplified": "人们", "pinyin": "rénmen", "meaning": "people", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人們 [ren2 men5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:人們:rénmen" }, { "traditional": "人類", "simplified": "人类", "pinyin": "rénlèi", "meaning": "humanity; the human species", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "人類 [ren2 lei4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:人類:rénlèi" }, { "traditional": "家人", "simplified": "家人", "pinyin": "jiārén", "meaning": "family member; family", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "家人 [jia1 ren2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:家人:jiārén" }, { "traditional": "工人", "simplified": "工人", "pinyin": "gōngrén", "meaning": "worker", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "工人 [gong1 ren2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:工人:gōngrén" }, { "traditional": "別人", "simplified": "别人", "pinyin": "biéren", "meaning": "other people; someone else", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "別人 [bie2 ren5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:別人:biéren" }, { "traditional": "心臟", "simplified": "心脏", "pinyin": "xīnzàng", "meaning": "the heart (organ)", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "心臟 [xin1 zang4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:心臟:xīnzàng" }, { "traditional": "中心", "simplified": "中心", "pinyin": "zhōngxīn", "meaning": "center; core", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "中心 [zhong1 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:中心:zhōngxīn" }, { "traditional": "心情", "simplified": "心情", "pinyin": "xīnqíng", "meaning": "mood; state of mind", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "心情 [xin1 qing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:心情:xīnqíng" }, { "traditional": "小心", "simplified": "小心", "pinyin": "xiǎoxīn", "meaning": "be careful", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "小心 [xiao3 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:小心:xiǎoxīn" }, { "traditional": "關心", "simplified": "关心", "pinyin": "guānxīn", "meaning": "care about; be concerned about", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "關心 [guan1 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:關心:guānxīn" }, { "traditional": "決心", "simplified": "决心", "pinyin": "juéxīn", "meaning": "determination; resolve", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "決心 [jue2 xin1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:決心:juéxīn" }, { "traditional": "語言", "simplified": "语言", "pinyin": "yǔyán", "meaning": "language", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "語言 [yu3 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:語言:yǔyán" }, { "traditional": "言語", "simplified": "言语", "pinyin": "yányǔ", "meaning": "words; speech", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "言語 [yan2 yu3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:言語:yányǔ" }, { "traditional": "名言", "simplified": "名言", "pinyin": "míngyán", "meaning": "well-known saying", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "名言 [ming2 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:名言:míngyán" }, { "traditional": "謊言", "simplified": "谎言", "pinyin": "huǎngyán", "meaning": "a lie", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "謊言 [huang3 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:謊言:huǎngyán" }, { "traditional": "發言", "simplified": "发言", "pinyin": "fāyán", "meaning": "to speak; make a statement", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "發言 [fa1 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:發言:fāyán" }, { "traditional": "留言", "simplified": "留言", "pinyin": "liúyán", "meaning": "leave a message; a message", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "留言 [liu2 yan2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:留言:liúyán" }, { "traditional": "青色", "simplified": "青色", "pinyin": "qīngsè", "meaning": "blue-green; cyan", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青色 [qing1 se4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青色:qīngsè" }, { "traditional": "青草", "simplified": "青草", "pinyin": "qīngcǎo", "meaning": "green grass", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青草 [qing1 cao3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青草:qīngcǎo" }, { "traditional": "青山", "simplified": "青山", "pinyin": "qīngshān", "meaning": "green hills", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青山 [qing1 shan1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青山:qīngshān" }, { "traditional": "青菜", "simplified": "青菜", "pinyin": "qīngcài", "meaning": "green vegetables", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青菜 [qing1 cai4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青菜:qīngcài" }, { "traditional": "青年", "simplified": "青年", "pinyin": "qīngnián", "meaning": "young people; youth", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青年 [qing1 nian2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青年:qīngnián" }, { "traditional": "青春", "simplified": "青春", "pinyin": "qīngchūn", "meaning": "youth; youthfulness", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "青春 [qing1 chun1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:青春:qīngchūn" }, { "traditional": "清潔", "simplified": "清洁", "pinyin": "qīngjié", "meaning": "clean; to clean", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清潔 [qing1 jie2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清潔:qīngjié" }, { "traditional": "清理", "simplified": "清理", "pinyin": "qīnglǐ", "meaning": "tidy up; clear away", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清理 [qing1 li3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清理:qīnglǐ" }, { "traditional": "清楚", "simplified": "清楚", "pinyin": "qīngchu", "meaning": "clear; understand clearly", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清楚 [qing1 chu5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清楚:qīngchu" }, { "traditional": "清醒", "simplified": "清醒", "pinyin": "qīngxǐng", "meaning": "awake; clear-headed", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清醒 [qing1 xing3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清醒:qīngxǐng" }, { "traditional": "清朝", "simplified": "清朝", "pinyin": "Qīngcháo", "meaning": "the Qing dynasty", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:清朝:Qīngcháo" }, { "traditional": "情感", "simplified": "情感", "pinyin": "qíng gǎn", "meaning": "feeling; emotion", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:情感:qíng gǎn" }, { "traditional": "心情", "simplified": "心情", "pinyin": "xīn qíng", "meaning": "mood; frame of mind", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:心情:xīn qíng" }, { "traditional": "愛情", "simplified": "爱情", "pinyin": "ài qíng", "meaning": "romantic love", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:愛情:ài qíng" }, { "traditional": "情況", "simplified": "情况", "pinyin": "qíng kuàng", "meaning": "situation; circumstances", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:情況:qíng kuàng" }, { "traditional": "晴天", "simplified": "晴天", "pinyin": "qíng tiān", "meaning": "a sunny day", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:晴天:qíng tiān" }, { "traditional": "晴朗", "simplified": "晴朗", "pinyin": "qíng lǎng", "meaning": "sunny and clear", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:晴朗:qíng lǎng" }, { "traditional": "晴空", "simplified": "晴空", "pinyin": "qíng kōng", "meaning": "a clear sky", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:晴空:qíng kōng" }, { "traditional": "放晴", "simplified": "放晴", "pinyin": "fàng qíng", "meaning": "to clear up", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:放晴:fàng qíng" }, { "traditional": "請問", "simplified": "请问", "pinyin": "qǐng wèn", "meaning": "excuse me, may I ask…?", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:請問:qǐng wèn" }, { "traditional": "請求", "simplified": "请求", "pinyin": "qǐng qiú", "meaning": "to request; a request", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:請求:qǐng qiú" }, { "traditional": "邀請", "simplified": "邀请", "pinyin": "yāo qǐng", "meaning": "to invite", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:邀請:yāo qǐng" }, { "traditional": "請客", "simplified": "请客", "pinyin": "qǐng kè", "meaning": "to treat someone to a meal", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:請客:qǐng kè" }, { "traditional": "明亮", "simplified": "明亮", "pinyin": "míng liàng", "meaning": "bright", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:明亮:míng liàng" }, { "traditional": "明白", "simplified": "明白", "pinyin": "míng bai", "meaning": "to understand; clear", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:明白:míng bai" }, { "traditional": "說明", "simplified": "说明", "pinyin": "shuō míng", "meaning": "to explain; an explanation", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:說明:shuō míng" }, { "traditional": "明天", "simplified": "明天", "pinyin": "míng tiān", "meaning": "tomorrow", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:明天:míng tiān" }, { "traditional": "東方", "simplified": "东方", "pinyin": "dōngfāng", "meaning": "east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東方 [dong1 fang1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東方:dōngfāng" }, { "traditional": "東邊", "simplified": "东边", "pinyin": "dōngbian", "meaning": "east side; to the east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東邊 [dong1 bian5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東邊:dōngbian" }, { "traditional": "東北", "simplified": "东北", "pinyin": "dōngběi", "meaning": "northeast", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東北 [dong1 bei3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東北:dōngběi" }, { "traditional": "房東", "simplified": "房东", "pinyin": "fángdōng", "meaning": "landlord", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "房東 [fang2 dong1]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:房東:fángdōng" }, { "traditional": "東道主", "simplified": "东道主", "pinyin": "dōngdàozhǔ", "meaning": "host", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東道主:dōngdàozhǔ" }, { "traditional": "東西", "simplified": "东西", "pinyin": "dōngxi", "meaning": "things; stuff", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "東西 [dong1 xi5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東西:dōngxi" }, { "traditional": "東方", "simplified": "东方", "pinyin": "dōng fāng", "meaning": "east", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東方:dōng fāng" }, { "traditional": "東北", "simplified": "东北", "pinyin": "dōng běi", "meaning": "northeast", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東北:dōng běi" }, { "traditional": "房東", "simplified": "房东", "pinyin": "fáng dōng", "meaning": "landlord", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:房東:fáng dōng" }, { "traditional": "東西", "simplified": "东西", "pinyin": "dōng xi", "meaning": "thing; stuff", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:東西:dōng xi" }, { "traditional": "你好", "simplified": "你好", "pinyin": "nǐ hǎo", "meaning": "hello", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:你好:nǐ hǎo" }, { "traditional": "好友", "simplified": "好友", "pinyin": "hǎo yǒu", "meaning": "a close friend", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:好友:hǎo yǒu" }, { "traditional": "愛好", "simplified": "爱好", "pinyin": "ài hào", "meaning": "an interest; to be fond of", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:愛好:ài hào" }, { "traditional": "好奇", "simplified": "好奇", "pinyin": "hào qí", "meaning": "curious; curiosity", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:好奇:hào qí" }, { "traditional": "愛心", "simplified": "爱心", "pinyin": "ài xīn", "meaning": "compassion; care for others", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:愛心:ài xīn" }, { "traditional": "愛護", "simplified": "爱护", "pinyin": "ài hù", "meaning": "to cherish and protect", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:愛護:ài hù" }, { "traditional": "可愛", "simplified": "可爱", "pinyin": "kě ài", "meaning": "lovable; cute", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:可愛:kě ài" }, { "traditional": "行走", "simplified": "行走", "pinyin": "xíngzǒu", "meaning": "walk", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行走 [xing2 zou3]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:行走:xíngzǒu" }, { "traditional": "旅行", "simplified": "旅行", "pinyin": "lǚxíng", "meaning": "travel; a journey", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "旅行 [lu:3 xing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:旅行:lǚxíng" }, { "traditional": "行動", "simplified": "行动", "pinyin": "xíngdòng", "meaning": "action; act", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行動 [xing2 dong4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:行動:xíngdòng" }, { "traditional": "可行", "simplified": "可行", "pinyin": "kěxíng", "meaning": "feasible; workable", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "可行 [ke3 xing2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:可行:kěxíng" }, { "traditional": "銀行", "simplified": "银行", "pinyin": "yínháng", "meaning": "bank", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "銀行 [yin2 hang2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:銀行:yínháng" }, { "traditional": "行業", "simplified": "行业", "pinyin": "hángyè", "meaning": "trade; industry", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行業 [hang2 ye4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:行業:hángyè" }, { "traditional": "行列", "simplified": "行列", "pinyin": "hángliè", "meaning": "ranks; formation", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "行列 [hang2 lie4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:行列:hángliè" }, { "traditional": "道行", "simplified": "道行", "pinyin": "dàohéng", "meaning": "attainment through religious practice; skill", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "道行 [dao4 heng2]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:道行:dàohéng" }, { "traditional": "重量", "simplified": "重量", "pinyin": "zhòng liàng", "meaning": "weight", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:重量:zhòng liàng" }, { "traditional": "重要", "simplified": "重要", "pinyin": "zhòng yào", "meaning": "important", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:重要:zhòng yào" }, { "traditional": "重新", "simplified": "重新", "pinyin": "chóng xīn", "meaning": "again; afresh", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:重新:chóng xīn" }, { "traditional": "重複", "simplified": "重复", "pinyin": "chóng fù", "meaning": "to repeat; repetition", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:重複:chóng fù" }, { "traditional": "音樂", "simplified": "音乐", "pinyin": "yīn yuè", "meaning": "music", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:音樂:yīn yuè" }, { "traditional": "樂器", "simplified": "乐器", "pinyin": "yuè qì", "meaning": "a musical instrument", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樂器:yuè qì" }, { "traditional": "快樂", "simplified": "快乐", "pinyin": "kuài lè", "meaning": "happy", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:快樂:kuài lè" }, { "traditional": "樂觀", "simplified": "乐观", "pinyin": "lè guān", "meaning": "optimistic", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樂觀:lè guān" }, { "traditional": "樂山樂水", "simplified": "乐山乐水", "pinyin": "yào shān yào shuǐ", "meaning": "literally, delight in mountains and water; an idiom contrasting temperaments", "sourceIds": [ "moe-revised-y-aoshan" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樂山樂水:yào shān yào shuǐ" }, { "traditional": "樂亭", "simplified": "乐亭", "pinyin": "Lào tíng", "meaning": "Laoting, a place name", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:樂亭:Lào tíng" }, { "traditional": "發生", "simplified": "发生", "pinyin": "fā shēng", "meaning": "to happen; occur", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:發生:fā shēng" }, { "traditional": "發現", "simplified": "发现", "pinyin": "fā xiàn", "meaning": "to discover; notice", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:發現:fā xiàn" }, { "traditional": "出發", "simplified": "出发", "pinyin": "chū fā", "meaning": "to set out", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:出發:chū fā" }, { "traditional": "發展", "simplified": "发展", "pinyin": "fā zhǎn", "meaning": "to develop; development", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:發展:fā zhǎn" }, { "traditional": "頭髮", "simplified": "头发", "pinyin": "tóu fa", "meaning": "hair on the head", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:頭髮:tóu fa" }, { "traditional": "理髮", "simplified": "理发", "pinyin": "lǐ fà", "meaning": "to cut hair; get a haircut", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:理髮:lǐ fà" }, { "traditional": "髮型", "simplified": "发型", "pinyin": "fà xíng", "meaning": "hairstyle", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:髮型:fà xíng" }, { "traditional": "白髮", "simplified": "白发", "pinyin": "bái fà", "meaning": "white or gray hair", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:白髮:bái fà" }, { "traditional": "頭髮", "simplified": "头发", "pinyin": "tóu fǎ", "meaning": "hair on the head", "sourceIds": [ "moe-concise-toufa" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:頭髮:tóu fǎ" }, { "traditional": "髮型", "simplified": "发型", "pinyin": "fǎ xíng", "meaning": "hairstyle", "sourceIds": [ "moe-concise-faxing-index" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:髮型:fǎ xíng" }, { "traditional": "皇后", "simplified": "皇后", "pinyin": "huánghòu", "meaning": "empress; imperial consort", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "皇后 [huang2 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:皇后:huánghòu" }, { "traditional": "王后", "simplified": "王后", "pinyin": "wánghòu", "meaning": "queen", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "王后 [wang2 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:王后:wánghòu" }, { "traditional": "太后", "simplified": "太后", "pinyin": "tàihòu", "meaning": "empress dowager", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "太后 [tai4 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:太后:tàihòu" }, { "traditional": "后羿", "simplified": "后羿", "pinyin": "Hòuyì", "meaning": "Houyi, a figure in Chinese mythology", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:后羿:Hòuyì" }, { "traditional": "以後", "simplified": "以后", "pinyin": "yǐhòu", "meaning": "after; later", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "以後 [yi3 hou4]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:以後:yǐhòu" }, { "traditional": "後面", "simplified": "后面", "pinyin": "hòumian", "meaning": "behind; the back; later", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "sourceLocator": "後面 [hou4 mian5]", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:後面:hòumian" }, { "traditional": "後面", "simplified": "后面", "pinyin": "hòu mian", "meaning": "behind; the back", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:後面:hòu mian" }, { "traditional": "以後", "simplified": "以后", "pinyin": "yǐ hòu", "meaning": "afterward; in the future", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:以後:yǐ hòu" }, { "traditional": "後來", "simplified": "后来", "pinyin": "hòu lái", "meaning": "later; afterward", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:後來:hòu lái" }, { "traditional": "最後", "simplified": "最后", "pinyin": "zuì hòu", "meaning": "last; finally", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:最後:zuì hòu" }, { "traditional": "學習", "simplified": "学习", "pinyin": "xué xí", "meaning": "to learn; study", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:學習:xué xí" }, { "traditional": "學生", "simplified": "学生", "pinyin": "xué sheng", "meaning": "student", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:學生:xué sheng" }, { "traditional": "學校", "simplified": "学校", "pinyin": "xué xiào", "meaning": "school", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:學校:xué xiào" }, { "traditional": "科學", "simplified": "科学", "pinyin": "kē xué", "meaning": "science; scientific", "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "id": "word:科學:kē xué" } ], "dossiers": [ { "id": "dossier:65E5", "primaryCharacter": "日", "characterIds": [ "char:65E5" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:65E5:1", "claim:65E5:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6708", "primaryCharacter": "月", "characterIds": [ "char:6708" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6708:1", "claim:6708:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6728", "primaryCharacter": "木", "characterIds": [ "char:6728" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6728:1", "claim:6728:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6797", "primaryCharacter": "林", "characterIds": [ "char:6797" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6797:1", "claim:6797:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:68EE", "primaryCharacter": "森", "characterIds": [ "char:68EE" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:68EE:1", "claim:68EE:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6C34", "primaryCharacter": "水", "characterIds": [ "char:6C34" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6C34:1", "claim:6C34:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:4EBA", "primaryCharacter": "人", "characterIds": [ "char:4EBA" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:4EBA:1", "claim:4EBA:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:5FC3", "primaryCharacter": "心", "characterIds": [ "char:5FC3" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:5FC3:1", "claim:5FC3:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:8A00", "primaryCharacter": "言", "characterIds": [ "char:8A00" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:8A00:1", "claim:8A00:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:9752", "primaryCharacter": "青", "characterIds": [ "char:9752" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:9752:1", "claim:9752:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6E05", "primaryCharacter": "清", "characterIds": [ "char:6E05" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6E05:1", "claim:6E05:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:60C5", "primaryCharacter": "情", "characterIds": [ "char:60C5" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:60C5:1", "claim:60C5:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6674", "primaryCharacter": "晴", "characterIds": [ "char:6674" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6674:1", "claim:6674:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:8ACB", "primaryCharacter": "請", "characterIds": [ "char:8ACB", "char:8BF7" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:8ACB:1", "claim:8ACB:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:660E", "primaryCharacter": "明", "characterIds": [ "char:660E" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:660E:1", "claim:660E:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6771", "primaryCharacter": "東", "characterIds": [ "char:6771", "char:4E1C" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6771:1", "claim:6771:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:597D", "primaryCharacter": "好", "characterIds": [ "char:597D" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:597D:1", "claim:597D:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:611B", "primaryCharacter": "愛", "characterIds": [ "char:611B", "char:7231" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:611B:1", "claim:611B:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:884C", "primaryCharacter": "行", "characterIds": [ "char:884C" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:884C:1", "claim:884C:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:91CD", "primaryCharacter": "重", "characterIds": [ "char:91CD" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:91CD:1", "claim:91CD:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:6A02", "primaryCharacter": "樂", "characterIds": [ "char:6A02", "char:4E50" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:6A02:1", "claim:6A02:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:767C", "primaryCharacter": "發", "characterIds": [ "char:767C", "char:53D1" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:767C:1", "claim:767C:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:9AEE", "primaryCharacter": "髮", "characterIds": [ "char:53D1", "char:9AEE" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:9AEE:1", "claim:9AEE:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:540E", "primaryCharacter": "后", "characterIds": [ "char:540E" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:540E:1", "claim:540E:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:5F8C", "primaryCharacter": "後", "characterIds": [ "char:540E", "char:5F8C" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:5F8C:1", "claim:5F8C:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "dossier:5B78", "primaryCharacter": "學", "characterIds": [ "char:5B78", "char:5B66" ], "historicalClaimIds": [ "claim:5B78:1", "claim:5B78:2" ], "attestationIds": [], "research": "source_checked", "independentReview": "absent" } ], "claims": [ { "id": "claim:65E5:1", "characterId": "char:65E5", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:65E5" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK identifies the early graph as a depiction of the sun and discusses both rounded and angular forms. Its cited oracle-bone examples already include uses for the sun, daytime, and a day as a unit of time. This source therefore supports an early range of uses, rather than a claim that all time-related senses were invented only after the modern rectangular form appeared.", "title": "A solar graph", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-65e5" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:65E5", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:65E5:2", "characterId": "char:65E5", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:65E5" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The CUHK entry also quotes the Shuowen and distinguishes its sound-based explanation using 實 from the graph’s original pictorial interpretation. zimai reports that distinction as the database’s analysis; it does not treat a Han-period dictionary explanation as an eyewitness account of invention.", "title": "Reading a traditional explanation", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-65e5" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:65E5", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6708:1", "characterId": "char:6708", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6708" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes the oracle-bone and bronze forms as representations of a half moon and cites early uses for both the celestial body and months. It links the month sense to the cycle of waxing and waning. These are examples cited by the database, not a claim that the surviving examples establish the date when people first named months.", "title": "Moon and calendar", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6708" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6708", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6708:2", "characterId": "char:6708", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6708" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry attributes to Qiu Xigui an account of differentiation between 月 and 夕 from earlier overlapping shapes. Their modern distinction should therefore be learned alongside, not substituted for, the historical discussion.", "title": "Related early shapes", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6708" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6708", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6728:1", "characterId": "char:6728", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6728" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK reads oracle-bone and bronze 木 as a tree with branches and roots. It explicitly challenges the idea that the graph was historically assembled from 屮 plus another part merely because those modern or transmitted shapes resemble one another. The account supports treating 木 as a whole pictorial graph.", "title": "A whole tree", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6728" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6728", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6728:2", "characterId": "char:6728", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6728" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry cites early uses for trees and also for names of places or groups. A graph with a pictorial starting point can function in a writing system far beyond labeling the object it once depicted.", "title": "Uses beyond a picture", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6728" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6728", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6797:1", "characterId": "char:6797", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6797" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK reads the early graph as two trees side by side, expressing a group of trees. Its dossier cites oracle-bone uses as names of places or polities and bronze uses referring to a forest. The earliest uses cited on a page need not exhaust the character’s history.", "title": "Trees standing together", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6797" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6797", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6797:2", "characterId": "char:6797", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6797" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The dossier also records borrowed uses for other words in early texts. A graph’s visible shape therefore does not determine the meaning of every inscription in which it occurs.", "title": "Meaning is established by context", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6797" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6797", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:68EE:1", "characterId": "char:68EE", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:68EE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK interprets the graph as three trees, with repetition expressing many rather than a literal count. It connects later uses to multitude and to the darkness of dense woodland.", "title": "Three expresses many", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-68ee" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:68EE", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:68EE:2", "characterId": "char:68EE", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:68EE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The cited oracle-bone occurrence is fragmentary; CUHK suggests a place-name interpretation but does not treat that reading as settled. This portrait consequently does not attach a secure forest meaning to that particular inscription.", "title": "An early occurrence has an uncertain context", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-68ee" ], "interpretation": "unresolved", "reviewId": "review:68EE", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6C34:1", "characterId": "char:6C34", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6C34" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes early 水 with a central line representing flowing water and side marks interpreted as drops. It notes variation in the number and arrangement of those marks in oracle-bone and bronze writing. There is no need to manufacture a single perfectly regular sequence from those varied forms.", "title": "A flow with side marks", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6c34" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6C34", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6C34:2", "characterId": "char:6C34", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6C34" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The database cites an oracle-bone example about a large flood and also discusses other early uses. This introductory portrait uses the clearly supported water account; disputed readings of specialist inscription passages remain outside its current scope.", "title": "What the evidence can say", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6c34" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6C34", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:4EBA:1", "characterId": "char:4EBA", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:4EBA" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes the early graph as a person viewed from the side, standing with lowered arms. It cites oracle-bone uses referring to people and the ruler’s self-designation, and bronze uses including common people. This supports a human reference in early writing without requiring a modern stick-figure reconstruction.", "title": "A person in profile", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4eba" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:4EBA", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:4EBA:2", "characterId": "char:4EBA", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:4EBA" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry also notes early name-related and borrowed uses. Its account reminds readers that the object represented by a graph and every use of that graph are not necessarily the same question.", "title": "Graph and use", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4eba" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:4EBA", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5FC3:1", "characterId": "char:5FC3", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5FC3" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK interprets the oracle-bone, bronze, and seal forms as representations of the heart, while noting changes in detail. It also discusses earlier misidentifications of some forms as 貝. zimai follows the entry’s identification, without claiming to have independently re-read the original inscriptions.", "title": "The heart in early writing", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5fc3" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5FC3", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5FC3:2", "characterId": "char:5FC3", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5FC3" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry cites an oracle-bone phrase interpreted as the king having an intention to campaign. It also records a borrowed use for a river name. The coexistence of such uses warns against assuming that every ancient occurrence must denote the bodily organ.", "title": "Thought as an early use", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5fc3" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5FC3", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:8A00:1", "characterId": "char:8A00", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8A00" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK analyzes the early graph using 舌 and an added horizontal mark, citing Yu Xingwu for the interpretation that the mark indicates speech issuing from the tongue. The entry also describes additional short strokes in later bronze forms. This is reported as a scholarly account, not as an anatomical picture visible in every modern font.", "title": "An attributed early analysis", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8a00" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:8A00", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:8A00:2", "characterId": "char:8A00", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8A00" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The same entry quotes the Shuowen’s analysis involving 口 and a phonetic element. Keeping these attributions visible prevents a later dictionary’s component analysis from being silently equated with the interpretation of earlier inscriptions.", "title": "Different historical explanations", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8a00" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:8A00", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:9752:1", "characterId": "char:9752", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9752" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK states that the original motivation of 青’s construction is unclear. It describes early components in terms of 生 and 丹, discusses a plant-color interpretation, and records a competing stone-color explanation. The entry favors the former while retaining uncertainty. zimai therefore does not present either account as a demonstrated origin.", "title": "An origin left open", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9752" ], "interpretation": "unresolved", "reviewId": "review:9752", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:9752:2", "characterId": "char:9752", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9752" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The database discusses early uses for names and color, as well as readings of the graph for other words in particular texts. Those uses can be recorded without pretending that they resolve every question about why the original graph took its shape.", "title": "Use and construction are separate", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9752" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:9752", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6E05:1", "characterId": "char:6E05", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6E05" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK’s discussion states that bronze and manuscript forms combine 水 with phonetic 青 and identifies clear water as the basic sense. It also quotes the Shuowen’s corresponding semantic-phonetic analysis. This supports a historical sound-family edge from 清 to 青, rather than a family assembled solely from modern pronunciation.", "title": "Meaning and sound", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6e05" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6E05", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6E05:2", "characterId": "char:6E05", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6E05" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry says the meaning in the bronze inscription is unclear, while citing manuscript uses for purity and a borrowed use corresponding to 靜. The uncertainty concerns particular attestations; it does not justify inventing an oracle-bone specimen or a continuous chain of dated shapes.", "title": "Limits of the early record", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6e05" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6E05", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:60C5:1", "characterId": "char:60C5", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:60C5" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK and the Shuowen explanation it cites analyze 情 with 心 and phonetic 青. Its discussion presents feelings as the central early meaning, while documenting further uses in literary texts. No ancient pronunciation is reconstructed here.", "title": "A heart-and-sound construction", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-60c5" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:60C5", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:60C5:2", "characterId": "char:60C5", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:60C5" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The dossier records uses involving disposition, wishes, relationships, and the reality of circumstances. These examples help explain why different modern compounds cannot all be translated with the English word “emotion.”", "title": "Wider than one English gloss", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-60c5" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:60C5", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6674:1", "characterId": "char:6674", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6674" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK quotes the Shuowen entry for 夝, analyzed there as 夕 with phonetic 生, and a Jiyun notice linking the spelling 晴. Taiwan’s variant dictionary states that 晴 itself is not an entry in the Shuowen. Keep the quoted older character distinct from the current graph.", "title": "An older spelling in the dictionaries", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6674", "moe-variants-6674" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6674", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6674:2", "characterId": "char:6674", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6674" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The consulted entry supplies too little evidence to date every step between these spellings. The atlas therefore shows a concise dictionary relationship and leaves the specimen sequence open.", "title": "What is still missing", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6674" ], "interpretation": "unresolved", "reviewId": "review:6674", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:8ACB:1", "characterId": "char:8ACB", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8ACB" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes a bronze form containing 言, 青, and an additional 口-shaped element it interprets as decorative. It identifies 青 as phonetic and discusses an early audience or formal-visit sense. This is a specific scholarly account, not a translation assembled from the modern shapes.", "title": "Speech and a phonetic component", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8acb" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:8ACB", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:8ACB:2", "characterId": "char:8ACB", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8ACB" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK also cites cases in which 請 writes other similar-sounding words. Those readings belong to their particular passages. They do not change the ordinary qǐng of a modern invitation.", "title": "Borrowed readings in early texts", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8acb" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:8ACB", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:8BF7:1", "characterId": "char:8BF7", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:8ACB" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK’s entry for 请 explicitly points to 請. Earlier forms and the historical speech-and-sound analysis belong in that linked dossier. The simplified route preserves the modern orthography and usage without duplicating the whole historical discussion.", "title": "A linked historical dossier", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-8bf7" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:8BF7", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:660E:1", "characterId": "char:660E", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:660E" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK discusses early 日-and-月 forms alongside forms associated with 囧, interpreted as a window. Its account also flags uncertain identifications among eye-like forms. Not every superficially similar early graph has an equally secure identification.", "title": "More than one early form", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-660e" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:660E", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:660E:2", "characterId": "char:660E", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:660E" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry attributes a dawn interpretation to Xu Zhongshu and a brightness interpretation to Shen Pei for 日-and-月 forms. It also quotes the Shuowen analysis of 朙 with 月 and 囧. These are attributed treatments; a second independently consulted scholarly study is still needed before adjudicating them.", "title": "Interpretation remains layered", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-660e" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:660E", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6771:1", "characterId": "char:6771", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6771" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes the oracle-bone and bronze graph as a filled bag tied at both ends, and treats its use for the direction east as a borrowing. It cites early directional uses and discusses graphic relationships with other bag- or binding-related forms. The present portrait attributes that account to CUHK rather than labeling it an independently settled origin.", "title": "The consulted interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6771" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6771", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6771:2", "characterId": "char:6771", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6771" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The attractive modern sun-in-tree explanation is not adopted as historical evidence here. A second independent specialist treatment has not yet been consulted, so this portrait does not claim to adjudicate the full scholarly history of the graph.", "title": "What remains to compare", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6771" ], "interpretation": "unresolved", "reviewId": "review:6771", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:4E1C:1", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6771" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK directs 东 to 東. Its early bag-like interpretation is discussed there. A sun-in-tree mnemonic is not adopted as historical evidence here.", "title": "Shared historical dossier", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4e1c", "cuhk-6771" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:4E1C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:597D:1", "characterId": "char:597D", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:597D" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK identifies 女 and 子 in early forms. It reports interpretations involving beauty, affection between mother and child, and affection between the sexes, favoring the mother-and-child account.", "title": "The components are clearer than the original meaning", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-597d" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:597D", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:597D:2", "characterId": "char:597D", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:597D" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK notes that the early usage examples do not directly display its proposed “mother and child affection” sense. This matters: an interpretation of a drawing and an attested meaning in a text are different kinds of evidence. The portrait retains that distinction.", "title": "A limit explicitly acknowledged by the source", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-597d" ], "interpretation": "unresolved", "reviewId": "review:597D", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:611B:1", "characterId": "char:611B", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:611B" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK identifies a bronze form 㤅 with 心 and a phonetic 兂. It connects that form with benevolent affection and describes lower foot-like strokes being added in later writing.", "title": "The earlier 㤅 form", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-611b" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:611B", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:611B:2", "characterId": "char:611B", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:611B" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry distinguishes the Shuowen’s treatment of 㤅 from its analysis of 愛. That historical dictionary perspective is valuable evidence for interpretation, but does not justify a modern “hand, roof, heart, walking” story.", "title": "Keep dictionary analyses attributed", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-611b" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:611B", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:7231:1", "characterId": "char:7231", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:611B" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK’s 爱 entry identifies 愛 as the traditional counterpart and sends readers there for the historical discussion. This route therefore explains today’s simplified form and shares the earlier dossier.", "title": "Shared history, distinct modern form", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-7231" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:7231", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:884C:1", "characterId": "char:884C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:884C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK interprets oracle-bone and bronze 行 as roads meeting in several directions, and attributes this line of interpretation to scholarship beginning with Luo Zhenyu. Its account differs in emphasis from the Shuowen’s analysis in terms of walking and the components 彳 and 亍.", "title": "Intersecting roads", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-884c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:884C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:884C:2", "characterId": "char:884C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:884C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "Drawing on the discussion it attributes to Qiu Xigui, CUHK connects road with walking and rows, and follows further extensions into action, occupation, and commercial establishments. This is a scholarly semantic account. It does not replace the need to check modern word-specific readings.", "title": "Several branches of use", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-884c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:884C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:91CD:1", "characterId": "char:91CD", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:91CD" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK attributes to earlier scholarship an analysis involving a person and the bag-like 東 element. In this account, the graph evokes carrying a heavy burden, while 東 also contributes sound.", "title": "A load carried by a person", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-91cd" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:91CD", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:91CD:2", "characterId": "char:91CD", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:91CD" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry describes strokes being shared and combined in later bronze forms, explaining why the modern form no longer separates neatly into a person and load. This does not establish a chronological explanation for every modern sense or reading.", "title": "The shape becomes fused", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-91cd" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:91CD", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6A02:1", "characterId": "char:6A02", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6A02" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK interprets early forms as strings attached to wood and relates the graph to a wooden musical instrument. It attributes this analysis to earlier scholarship rather than treating the modern components as a literal inventory.", "title": "An instrument-related account", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6a02" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6A02", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:6A02:2", "characterId": "char:6A02", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6A02" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "For a central 白-like addition, CUHK reports a thumb or plucking interpretation and an alternative phonetic interpretation. This dossier retains both as attributed proposals and does not choose between them from visual resemblance alone.", "title": "A later element has competing explanations", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-6a02" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:6A02", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:4E50:1", "characterId": "char:4E50", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:6A02" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK identifies 乐 with traditional 樂 and links that historical entry. Earlier forms and competing interpretations are discussed there; this route focuses on the current simplified spelling and its sense-linked readings.", "title": "The historical dossier is shared", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-4e50" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:4E50", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:767C:1", "characterId": "char:767C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK explains early forms in relation to a bow and its released string. It describes later added elements and a development toward an analysis with 弓 and phonetic 癹, citing earlier paleographic scholarship.", "title": "Releasing a bow", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:767C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:767C:2", "characterId": "char:767C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The historical account helps explain the written form. It does not by itself date the emergence of every modern compound containing 發. Those words are presented separately with their modern readings and meanings.", "title": "Graphic history is not every word’s history", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:767C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:53D1:1", "characterId": "char:53D1", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C", "dossier:9AEE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK’s 发 entry lists both 發 and 髮. This is a many-to-one modern spelling relationship. It does not establish one shared origin for those two characters.", "title": "Two correspondences are explicitly recorded", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-53d1" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:53D1", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:53D1:2", "characterId": "char:53D1", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C", "dossier:9AEE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "For sending, setting out, and related verbs, open 發 and its bow-related historical discussion.", "title": "The 發 branch", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-767c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:53D1", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:53D1:3", "characterId": "char:53D1", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:767C", "dossier:9AEE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "For hair words, open 髮 and its separately documented head-and-hair history.", "title": "The 髮 branch", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:53D1", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:9AEE:1", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9AEE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK describes bronze forms with a head component and another element whose original role is uncertain. It reports the proposal that this second element abbreviates a phonetic 犮.", "title": "Head and hair in the early forms", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:9AEE", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:9AEE:2", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:9AEE" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry describes later writing using 髟 in place of the head component and 犮 as phonetic. This historical branch concerns hair and remains distinct from the bow-related discussion of 發.", "title": "The later component arrangement", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-9aee" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:9AEE", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:540E:1", "characterId": "char:540E", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:540E", "dossier:5F8C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK gives sovereign as the basic sense and discusses bronze forms in which orientation distinguishes 后 from 司. It attributes to Tang Lan and Li Xiaoding the view that their earlier forms were not distinct in the same way. That account should not be collapsed into the later simplified mapping from 後.", "title": "A sovereign, not a shortened after", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-540e" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:540E", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:540E:2", "characterId": "char:540E", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:540E", "dossier:5F8C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry quotes the Shuowen’s explanation involving a ruler issuing commands. This is a historical lexicographer’s account, reported through CUHK, rather than a direct observation of the graph’s invention.", "title": "Limits of a traditional explanation", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-540e" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:540E", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5F8C:1", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5F8C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK presents an account in which a foot restrained by a cord suggests falling behind, and describes a movement component being added. It attributes this reading of the elements to earlier scholarship.", "title": "A foot and a thread-like element", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5f8c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5F8C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5F8C:2", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5F8C" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The same entry also reports that 幺 may have served as a sound element. The portrait therefore does not present the cord story as the sole settled explanation. Direct comparison with the cited studies remains to be done.", "title": "An alternative phonetic explanation", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5f8c" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5F8C", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5B78:1", "characterId": "char:5B78", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5B78" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK discusses early forms with paired hand-like shapes and elements interpreted as counting or divining implements. It reports 子 being added in bronze forms and relates the graph to learning and teaching.", "title": "A teaching-and-counting interpretation", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b78" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5B78", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5B78:2", "characterId": "char:5B78", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5B78" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "The entry also presents Shirakawa Shizuka’s interpretation involving a building with crossed timbers. These are different historical proposals. The dossier has not independently checked their underlying publications, so it does not select a winner or reconstruct a classroom scene.", "title": "An architectural alternative", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b78" ], "interpretation": "attributed", "reviewId": "review:5B78", "assetRights": "link_only" }, { "id": "claim:5B66:1", "characterId": "char:5B66", "dossierIds": [ "dossier:5B78" ], "type": "written_form_interpretation", "statement": "CUHK identifies 学 as corresponding to 學 and directs readers to that historical entry. The precise dates and examples of earlier abbreviated forms are not established by that cross-reference alone.", "title": "One modern route into a shared history", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-5b66" ], "interpretation": "supported", "reviewId": "review:5B66", "assetRights": "link_only" } ], "attestations": [], "sources": [ { "id": "cuhk-65e5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 日", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%97%A5", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cc-cedict-20261012", "title": "CC-CEDICT, MDBG snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z", "url": "https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict", "locator": "Release 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z. Exact word-reading locators are retained with each WordRecord.", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern word spellings, sense-linked Mandarin readings, and meanings. Glosses have been shortened or reworded; example sentences are original editorial writing.", "rights": "permitted", "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 日光 [ri4 guang1]; 日出 [ri4 chu1]; 日落 [ri4 luo4]; 日期 [ri4 qi1]; 生日 [sheng1 ri4]; 日常 [ri4 chang2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 月亮 [yue4 liang5]; 月光 [yue4 guang1]; 月餅 [yue4 bing3]; 月份 [yue4 fen4]; 一月 [Yi1 yue4]; 月薪 [yue4 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 樹木 [shu4 mu4]; 草木 [cao3 mu4]; 木材 [mu4 cai2]; 木頭 [mu4 tou5]; 木匠 [mu4 jiang4]; 麻木 [ma2 mu4]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 河水 [he2 shui3]; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 開水 [kai1 shui3]; 水面 [shui3 mian4]; 水果 [shui3 guo3]; 水平 [shui3 ping2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 人口 [ren2 kou3]; 人們 [ren2 men5]; 人類 [ren2 lei4]; 家人 [jia1 ren2]; 工人 [gong1 ren2]; 別人 [bie2 ren5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 心臟 [xin1 zang4]; 中心 [zhong1 xin1]; 心情 [xin1 qing2]; 小心 [xiao3 xin1]; 關心 [guan1 xin1]; 決心 [jue2 xin1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 語言 [yu3 yan2]; 言語 [yan2 yu3]; 名言 [ming2 yan2]; 謊言 [huang3 yan2]; 發言 [fa1 yan2]; 留言 [liu2 yan2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 青色 [qing1 se4]; 青草 [qing1 cao3]; 青山 [qing1 shan1]; 青菜 [qing1 cai4]; 青年 [qing1 nian2]; 青春 [qing1 chun1]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 清水 [qing1 shui3]; 清潔 [qing1 jie2]; 清理 [qing1 li3]; 清楚 [qing1 chu5]; 清醒 [qing1 xing3]; 清朝 [Qing1 chao2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 行走 [xing2 zou3]; 旅行 [lu:3 xing2]; 行動 [xing2 dong4]; 可行 [ke3 xing2]; 銀行 [yin2 hang2]; 行業 [hang2 ye4]; 行列 [hang2 lie4]; 道行 [dao4 heng2]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 東方 [dong1 fang1]; 東邊 [dong1 bian5]; 東北 [dong1 bei3]; 房東 [fang2 dong1]; 東道主 [dong1 dao4 zhu3]; 東西 [dong1 xi5]", "Version 1.0; snapshot 2026-10-12T08:13:53Z; 125263 entries; selected headwords identified in each record; 皇后 [huang2 hou4]; 王后 [wang2 hou4]; 太后 [tai4 hou4]; 后羿 [Hou4 Yi4]; 以後 [yi3 hou4]; 後面 [hou4 mian5]", "Official UTF-8 download; exact character and word headwords listed in this record; 125263-entry snapshot" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6708", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 月", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9C%88", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-8089", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 肉", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%82%89", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6728", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 木", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9C%A8", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6c34", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 水", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%B0%B4", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-4eba", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 人", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%BA%BA", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-5fc3", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 心", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%BF%83", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-60c5", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 情", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%83%85", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-8a00", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 言", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A8%80", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-9752", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 青", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%9D%92", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6e05", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 清", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%B8%85", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and opening 詳解 paragraph", "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-884c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 行", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%A1%8C", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6771", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 東", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9D%B1", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-540e", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 后", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%90%8E", "locator": "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Attributed historical account and discussion of early written forms; source references within the entry are not treated as independently consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "形義通解, 略說 and 詳解; character entry" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6797", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 林", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%9E%97", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-68ee", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 森", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%A3%AE", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6674", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 晴", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%99%B4", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-6674", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 晴 (A01807)", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=19986", "locator": "說文釋形, 字樣說明, 漢語拼音 and 釋義", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern 青 component; qíng; weather senses; 晴 itself not listed in Shuowen.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "說文釋形, 字樣說明, 漢語拼音 and 釋義" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-8acb", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 請", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%AB%8B", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-8bf7", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 请", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E8%AF%B7", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-660e", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 明", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%98%8E", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-4e1c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 东", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%B8%9C", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-597d", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 好", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%A5%BD", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-597d", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 好 (A00883)", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=-9685&la=0", "locator": "金周生, 𡥃 (A00883-001), 內容", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Early 女/子 component arrangement could occur in either order; hǎo and hào readings.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "金周生, 𡥃 (A00883-001), 內容" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-611b", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 愛", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%84%9B", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-611b", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 愛", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=15448&la=1&powerMode=2&q=1", "locator": "A01404, 字樣說明", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "A01404, 字樣說明" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-7231", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 爱", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%88%B1", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-91cd", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 重", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%87%8D", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-6a02", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 樂", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E6%A8%82", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-6a02", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=3208&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Sense-specific readings, including literary yào and place-name lào.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Four readings with sense sections: yuè, lè, lào, yào" ] }, { "id": "moe-revised-y-aoshan", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 樂山樂水", "url": "https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=153375&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Reading yào shān yào shuǐ and the idiom’s reference to different temperaments.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Headword; 漢語拼音 and 釋義" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-4e50", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 乐", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E4%B9%90", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-767c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 發", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%99%BC", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-9aee", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=5278&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading fǎ for head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-53d1", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 发", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%8F%91", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-9aee", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 髮", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E9%AB%AE", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-toufa", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 頭髮", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=10351&la=1&powerMode=0", "locator": "Hanyu Pinyin; Interpretation", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary reading tóu fǎ and meaning head hair.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Hanyu Pinyin; Interpretation" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-faxing-index", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Dictionary, 髮 headwords index", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/searchR.jsp?ID=10&ID=190&ID=5&la=0&powerMode=0&word=%E9%AB%AE", "locator": "Row 10: 髮型; ㄈㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan pronunciation fǎ xíng for 髮型.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Row 10: 髮型; ㄈㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-5f8c", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 後", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%BE%8C", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-variants-5f8c", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants, 後", "url": "https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=14209&la=1", "locator": "A01287, 字樣說明", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The Taiwan standard regular-script form labels the lower component 夊, not 夂. This is a regionally scoped glyph convention.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "A01287, 字樣說明" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-5b78", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 學", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%AD%B8", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "moe-concise-xuesheng", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — Concised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, 學生", "url": "https://dict.concised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=28513&la=0&powerMode=0", "locator": "漢語拼音; definition 1", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Taiwan dictionary full-tone reading xué shēng.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "漢語拼音; definition 1" ] }, { "id": "cuhk-5b66", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — 学", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E5%AD%A6", "locator": "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Historical interpretation and form relationships; the scholarship cited inside this entry was not separately consulted.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locators": [ "Character entry; 形義通解, 繁簡對應, and cited Shuowen discussion where present" ] }, { "id": "unihan17", "name": "Unicode Han Database (Unihan)", "version": "17.0.0", "url": "https://www.unicode.org/Public/17.0.0/ucd/Unihan.zip", "consultedAt": "2026-10-12", "sha256": "f7a48b2b545acfaa77b2d607ae28747404ce02baefee16396c5d2d7a8ef34b5e", "license": "Unicode License V3", "licenseFile": "research/assets/licenses/UNICODE-LICENSE.txt", "scope": "Radical-stroke, total strokes, readings, variants, kTGH, other exact fields for 32 pilot characters", "snapshots": [ { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/Unihan_DictionaryLikeData-17.0.0.pilot.txt", "sha256": "0c5c843c4e32f36c041c1e8e7cc252dae0a2c7a2f747524e769f32b8a7523bf7" }, { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/Unihan_IRGSources-17.0.0.pilot.txt", "sha256": "8b879a71742dd7244667f6fa380f57ce574548187c2971b07d50360cdd51a7e8" }, { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/Unihan_OtherMappings-17.0.0.pilot.txt", "sha256": "bd420afcf55d7ddd03919a1776b74d644bff1c5fbae13bd9813ec1f807464fb3" }, { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/Unihan_Readings-17.0.0.pilot.txt", "sha256": "f4458aa4f8a49cebd64cdc0843074dc7abe31822b13bc3963999b2c1b813048a" }, { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/Unihan_Variants-17.0.0.pilot.txt", "sha256": "980a61beb553c46672214f41842859d25d26bc405be284dd8e1e5806e8fd0ae4" } ], "title": "Unicode Han Database (Unihan) · 17.0.0", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Radical-stroke, total strokes, readings, variants, kTGH, other exact fields for 32 pilot characters", "rights": "permitted", "consulted": true, "locator": "17.0.0" }, { "id": "cjk-radicals17", "name": "Unicode Character Database CJKRadicals", "version": "17.0.0", "url": "https://www.unicode.org/Public/17.0.0/ucd/CJKRadicals.txt", "consultedAt": "2026-10-12", "license": "Unicode License V3", "licenseFile": "research/assets/licenses/UNICODE-LICENSE.txt", "snapshots": [ { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/CJKRadicals-17.0.0.txt", "sha256": "826f83be25cd18fb8a5015a514704504e1982e840ea14d058bf583e1cc620c83" } ], "title": "Unicode Character Database CJKRadicals · 17.0.0", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "rights": "permitted", "consulted": true, "locator": "17.0.0" }, { "id": "mmh", "name": "Make Me a Hanzi", "version": "bddc96d41bef78427ed0e034e9f7e31d71fd1b92", "url": "https://github.com/skishore/makemeahanzi/tree/bddc96d41bef78427ed0e034e9f7e31d71fd1b92", "consultedAt": "2026-10-12", "license": "Arphic Public License", "licenseFile": "research/assets/licenses/ARPHICPL.TXT", "copyingFile": "research/assets/licenses/MAKEMEAHANZI-COPYING.txt", "upstreamSha256": "a28c478b5178e98f67f510b2d52fde08a69dc664654ef43498253b9b764d46ee", "snapshots": [ { "file": "research/assets/snapshots/MAKEMEAHANZI-README.md", "sha256": "6ffcf76fe14ff4c4a57b40fe1e2f40fadf7398a0ad8dca68e6c169e8843756d1" } ], "scope": "Only graphics.txt stroke paths and medians. No dictionary.txt imported.", "convention": "PRC stroke order according to upstream README", "attribution": "Make Me a Hanzi by skishore and contributors; graphics derived from Arphic PL KaitiM GB and Arphic PL UKai. Copyright (C) 1999 Arphic Technology Co., Ltd.", "modifications": "One character per JSON; added provenance field; no stroke paths, medians or order changed.", "title": "Make Me a Hanzi · bddc96d41bef", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Only graphics.txt stroke paths and medians. No dictionary.txt imported.", "rights": "permitted", "consulted": true, "locator": "bddc96d41bef78427ed0e034e9f7e31d71fd1b92" }, { "id": "noto-serif-cjk", "name": "Noto Serif CJK SC Regular", "fontVersion": "2.003", "copyright": "© 2017–2024 Adobe (http://www.adobe.com/).", "nameTableSnapshot": "research/assets/fonts/NotoSerifCJKsc-Regular.name.ttx", "version": "f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c", "url": "https://github.com/notofonts/noto-cjk/tree/f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c/Serif", "downloadUrl": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/notofonts/noto-cjk/f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c/Serif/OTF/SimplifiedChinese/NotoSerifCJKsc-Regular.otf", "consultedAt": "2026-10-12", "license": "SIL Open Font License 1.1", "licenseFile": "research/assets/licenses/NOTO-SERIF-CJK-LICENSE.txt", "sha256": "2a2eae2628df83556c54018c41e20fa532c1b862c5256ae8b3f23feb918d12ca", "scope": "Modern CJK typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.", "title": "Noto Serif CJK SC Regular · v2.003", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern CJK typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.", "rights": "permitted", "consulted": true, "locator": "f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c" }, { "id": "noto-serif-cjk-tc", "name": "Noto Serif CJK TC Regular", "fontVersion": "2.003", "copyright": "© 2017–2024 Adobe (http://www.adobe.com/).", "nameTableSnapshot": "research/assets/fonts/NotoSerifCJKtc-Regular.name.ttx", "version": "f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c", "url": "https://github.com/notofonts/noto-cjk/tree/f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c/Serif", "downloadUrl": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/notofonts/noto-cjk/f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c/Serif/OTF/TraditionalChinese/NotoSerifCJKtc-Regular.otf", "consultedAt": "2026-10-12", "license": "SIL Open Font License 1.1", "licenseFile": "research/assets/licenses/NOTO-SERIF-CJK-LICENSE.txt", "sha256": "234301038e76e7c35c43113785024700c4e4fe7bdce1d1fbbc42fca7e6683798", "scope": "Modern Taiwan traditional-Chinese typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.", "title": "Noto Serif CJK TC Regular · v2.003", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Modern Taiwan traditional-Chinese typography only. Original complete OTF for optional local WOFF2 subsetting.", "rights": "permitted", "consulted": true, "locator": "f8d157532fbfaeda587e826d4cd5b21a49186f7c" }, { "id": "uax38-17-kcantonese", "title": "Unicode Standard Annex #38, Unicode 17.0.0, revision 39", "url": "https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr38/tr38-39.html#kCantonese", "locator": "kCantonese; section 3.4 Readings; final approved revision dated 2025-08-21", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Jyutping property definition, customary-reading selection, collation/transliteration purpose and reading limitations. Matches the pinned Unicode 17.0.0 dataset.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "lshk-jyutping", "title": "The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong — Jyutping Cantonese Romanization Scheme", "url": "https://lshk.org/jyutping-scheme/", "locator": "The Jyutping Scheme; Tone; note dated 2022-03-05", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Jyutping uses tone digits 1–6 after syllables; LSHK recommends plain ASCII digits rather than superscript or subscript styling.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-cantonese-guide", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — usage guide", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/guide.php", "locator": "8. 粵語審音配詞", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Cantonese readings require word and sense distinctions; the database documents multiple readings and their evidence.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "moe-taigi-dictionary", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣台語常用詞辭典", "url": "https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/", "locator": "Official dictionary home and dictionary navigation", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Official Taiwanese Hokkien reference destination; current title 臺灣台語常用詞辭典.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "moe-tailo-guide", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺羅標注說明", "url": "https://sutian.moe.edu.tw/zh-hant/piantsip/tailo-phiautsu-suatbing/", "locator": "Opening paragraph; 一般聲調; 連讀變調", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The dictionary uses Tâi-lô and describes the difference between citation tones and connected-speech tone changes.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "moe-hakka-dictionary", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語辭典", "url": "https://hakkadict.moe.edu.tw/home/", "locator": "Official dictionary home", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Official Hakka reference destination; current title 臺灣客語辭典.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "moe-hakka-notation", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語辭典: 標音原則", "url": "https://hakkadict.moe.edu.tw/directions/編輯說明/標音原則/", "locator": "Paragraph one; separately headed variety sections", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Dictionary follows the Taiwan Hakka Romanization System revised 2024-08-26 and documents separate variety-specific tone behavior.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "moe-hakka-six-varieties", "title": "Taiwan Ministry of Education — 臺灣客語拼音學習手冊電子書", "url": "https://language.moe.gov.tw/hakka/index.html", "locator": "Six named variety links: 四縣、海陸、大埔、饒平、詔安、南四縣", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "The six separately documented Taiwan Hakka varieties named in the Hakka tab.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-teochew-lexicon", "title": "The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press — 潮州方言詞匯", "url": "https://cup.cuhk.edu.hk/index.php?product_id=1457&route=product/product", "locator": "Publisher's book description", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Published Chaozhou vocabulary reference with comparative Mandarin material; book catalog link only, not an imported dictionary.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-dialect-overview", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — other regional readings", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialect.php", "locator": "其他方語讀音簡介; 20個方言點列表", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Locality-specific scholarly sound tables; Shanghai, Hangzhou and Wenzhou under Wu; Nanchang and Lichuan under Gan; Changsha and Xiangtan under Xiang; separate Min locations.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-shantou", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Shantou syllable table", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialectIndex.php?point=R", "locator": "[閩語] 汕頭 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Separate Shantou reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-shanghai", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Shanghai syllable table", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialectIndex.php?point=L", "locator": "[吳語] 上海 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Shanghai-specific Wu reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-fuzhou", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Fuzhou syllable table", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialectIndex.php?point=O", "locator": "[閩語] 福州 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Fuzhou-specific reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-nanchang", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Nanchang syllable table", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialectIndex.php?point=H", "locator": "[贛語] 南昌 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Nanchang-specific Gan reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "cuhk-changsha", "title": "CUHK Multi-function Chinese Character Database — Changsha syllable table", "url": "https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/dialectIndex.php?point=F", "locator": "[湘語] 長沙 音節表; 聲韻、聲調 columns", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Changsha-specific Xiang reference table with phonetic symbols and tone values. No readings or audio copied.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "icphs2019-fuqing-min", "title": "Chen, Chen, Wang and Cui (2019) — Vowel effects on the perception of nasal place of articulation in Wuxi Wu and Fuqing Min", "url": "https://assta.org/proceedings/ICPhS2019Microsite/pdf/full-paper_956.pdf", "locator": "Page 1, introduction, paragraph beginning Fuqing Min", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Primary phonetic research identifies Fuzhou within Eastern Min and distinguishes the nearby Fuqing variety.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true }, { "id": "zimai-structure", "title": "zimai modern decomposition records · v0.1.0", "url": "/data/atlas.json", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Original, explicit graphical analyses of modern forms. Flat parts may overlap in complex forms and are not a historical derivation. Every record retains its layout and qualifications.", "rights": "original_editorial", "consulted": true, "locator": "CharacterRecord.structure and DecompositionRecord" }, { "id": "zimai-topics", "title": "zimai editorial topic assignments · v0.1.0", "url": "/data/atlas.json", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Editorial associations between named modern senses and topic collections. Not common origin or measured semantic distance.", "rights": "original_editorial", "consulted": true, "locator": "sense_in_topic relations; each names its senseId" }, { "id": "uax38", "title": "Unicode Standard Annex #38 · revision 41", "url": "https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr38/tr38-41.html", "accessed": "2026-10-12", "supports": "Property definitions, limitations of character conversion, and the 2013 standard-list coverage axis. Data imported separately from the deliberately pinned Unicode 17.0 release.", "rights": "link_only", "consulted": true, "locator": "§3.6, §3.7.1, kTGH definition" } ], "families": [ { "id": "family:qing", "name": "The documented 青 phonetic group", "members": [ "青", "清", "情", "請" ], "relationIds": [ "has_phonetic_component:6E05:9752:146", "has_phonetic_component:60C5:9752:147", "has_phonetic_component:8ACB:9752:148" ], "notes": "Modern 请 retains 青 graphically; 晴 has a research gap. Neither is promoted into an independently sourced historical edge here." } ], "radicalSystem": { "id": "unihan17-kRSUnicode", "name": "Unihan 17.0.0 kRSUnicode", "framework": "Kangxi-derived 214 radicals", "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "cjk-radicals17" ] }, "reviews": [ { "id": "review:65E5", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6708", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6728", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6797", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:68EE", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6C34", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:4EBA", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:5FC3", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:8A00", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:9752", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6E05", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:60C5", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6674", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:8ACB", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:8BF7", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:660E", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:6771", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Modern selected headwords checked against the named CC-CEDICT snapshot; historical statements compared with the consulted CUHK entry. 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Original example sentences editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:5F8C", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:5B78", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" }, { "id": "review:5B66", "date": "2026-10-12", "scope": "Cited entry comparison and selected lexical checks; original examples editorially checked.", "method": "AI-assisted source comparison and structural audit", "independentReview": "absent" } ], "licenses": { "lexical": "CC-BY-SA-4.0", "strokes": "Arphic Public License", "fonts": "SIL OFL 1.1", "unihan": "Unicode License V3", "editorial": "Project license not yet selected; no blanket relicense of incorporated data." }, "languages": [ { "id": "yue", "label": "Cantonese", "chineseLabel": "粵語", "referenceVariety": "Cantonese readings selected by Unihan; no per-value regional designation", "romanization": "Jyutping · plain ASCII tone digits 1–6", "coverage": "readings", "description": "A sourced Jyutping reading is available for every pilot character. It is a selected character reading, not a complete guide to Cantonese words, senses or regional pronunciation.", "sourceIds": [ "uax38-17-kcantonese", "lshk-jyutping", "cuhk-cantonese-guide" ] }, { "id": "nan-tw", "label": "Taiwanese Hokkien", "chineseLabel": "臺灣台語", "referenceVariety": "Taiwanese Hokkien, with the regional distinctions recorded by Taiwan's Ministry of Education", "romanization": "Tâi-lô (臺羅), as used by the linked MOE dictionary", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "The Ministry of Education dictionary is the reference for Taiwanese vocabulary and readings. Its Tâi-lô guide distinguishes citation tones from changes in connected speech. Other Hokkien varieties require their own sources.", "sourceIds": [ "moe-taigi-dictionary", "moe-tailo-guide" ] }, { "id": "hak-tw", "label": "Hakka", "chineseLabel": "客語", "referenceVariety": "Taiwan: Sixian, Hailu, Dapu, Raoping, Zhao'an and Southern Sixian", "romanization": "Taiwan Hakka Romanization System (臺灣客語拼音方案)", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "Taiwan's Ministry of Education documents six Hakka varieties separately. Choose the variety before comparing readings; a single undifferentiated Hakka pronunciation would hide meaningful differences.", "sourceIds": [ "moe-hakka-dictionary", "moe-hakka-notation", "moe-hakka-six-varieties" ] }, { "id": "nan-teochew", "label": "Teochew", "chineseLabel": "潮州話／潮汕話", "referenceVariety": "Chaozhou lexicon; separate Shantou syllable-table resource", "romanization": "Source phonetic transcription; no shared local romanization imported", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "Explore CUHK's published Chaozhou lexicon and its separate Shantou sound table. These reference locations remain explicit: readings from one locality should not stand in for every Teochew variety.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-teochew-lexicon", "cuhk-shantou" ] }, { "id": "wuu-shanghai", "label": "Wu · Shanghainese", "chineseLabel": "吳語・上海話", "referenceVariety": "Shanghai", "romanization": "Phonetic transcription and tone values in the linked CUHK table", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "The linked university resource documents Shanghai. Wu also includes other local varieties; Shanghai readings should retain that location label when compared with Mandarin or Cantonese.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-shanghai", "cuhk-dialect-overview" ] }, { "id": "cdo-fuzhou", "label": "Eastern Min · Fuzhou", "chineseLabel": "閩東語・福州話", "referenceVariety": "Fuzhou", "romanization": "Phonetic transcription and tone values in the linked CUHK table", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "Fuzhou is an Eastern Min reference variety. Its dedicated CUHK sound table offers a starting point; other Eastern Min localities need distinct records and source attribution.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-fuzhou", "icphs2019-fuqing-min" ] }, { "id": "gan-nanchang", "label": "Gan · Nanchang", "chineseLabel": "贛語・南昌話", "referenceVariety": "Nanchang", "romanization": "Phonetic transcription and tone values in the linked CUHK table", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "Begin with CUHK's Nanchang sound table. The broader Gan group contains local differences, so future readings should identify Nanchang or another documented locality explicitly.", "sourceIds": [ "cuhk-nanchang", "cuhk-dialect-overview" ] }, { "id": "hsn-changsha", "label": "Xiang · Changsha", "chineseLabel": "湘語・長沙話", "referenceVariety": "Changsha", "romanization": "Phonetic transcription and tone values in the linked CUHK table", "coverage": "source_link", "description": "Begin with CUHK's Changsha sound table. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:4E1C:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "dōng", "senseIds": [ "sense:4E1C:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:4E1C:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "dōng", "senseIds": [ "sense:4E1C:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:4E1C:yue:1", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "dung1", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:597D:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:597D", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hǎo", "senseIds": [ "sense:597D:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:597D:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:597D", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hào", "senseIds": [ "sense:597D:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:597D:yue:1", "characterId": "char:597D", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hou2", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:611B:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:611B", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "ài", "senseIds": [ "sense:611B:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:611B:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:611B", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "ài", "senseIds": [ "sense:611B:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:611B:yue:1", "characterId": "char:611B", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "oi3", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:884C:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:884C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "xíng", "senseIds": [ "sense:884C:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:884C:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:884C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "háng", "senseIds": [ "sense:884C:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:884C:3:cmn", "characterId": "char:884C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "specialized", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "héng", "senseIds": [ "sense:884C:3" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:884C:yue:1", "characterId": "char:884C", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hang4", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:91CD:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:91CD", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "zhòng", "senseIds": [ "sense:91CD:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:91CD:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:91CD", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "chóng", "senseIds": [ "sense:91CD:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:91CD:yue:1", "characterId": "char:91CD", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "cung5", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. 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It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:767C:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:767C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fā", "senseIds": [ "sense:767C:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:767C:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:767C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fā", "senseIds": [ "sense:767C:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:767C:yue:1", "characterId": "char:767C", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "faat3", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:53D1:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:53D1", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Traditional counterpart 發", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fā", "senseIds": [ "sense:53D1:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:53D1:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:53D1", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mainland Mandarin; neutral syllable in tóufa", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fà", "senseIds": [ "sense:53D1:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:53D1:yue:1", "characterId": "char:53D1", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "faat3", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:9AEE:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mainland Mandarin; tóufa has a neutral final syllable", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fà", "senseIds": [ "sense:9AEE:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:9AEE:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Taiwan Ministry of Education dictionary convention", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "fǎ", "senseIds": [ "sense:9AEE:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "moe-concise-toufa", "moe-concise-faxing-index" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:9AEE:yue:1", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "faat3", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:540E:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:540E", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hòu", "senseIds": [ "sense:540E:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:540E:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:540E", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "proper name", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hòu", "senseIds": [ "sense:540E:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:540E:3:cmn", "characterId": "char:540E", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "simplified use of 後", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hòu", "senseIds": [ "sense:540E:3" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:540E:yue:1", "characterId": "char:540E", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hau6", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5F8C:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hòu", "senseIds": [ "sense:5F8C:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5F8C:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "hòu", "senseIds": [ "sense:5F8C:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:5F8C:yue:1", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hau6", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5B78:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:5B78", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "xué", "senseIds": [ "sense:5B78:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5B78:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:5B78", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "xué", "senseIds": [ "sense:5B78:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:5B78:yue:1", "characterId": "char:5B78", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hok6", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5B66:1:cmn", "characterId": "char:5B66", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "xué", "senseIds": [ "sense:5B66:1" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:sense:5B66:2:cmn", "characterId": "char:5B66", "language": "cmn", "referenceVariety": "Mandarin; regional qualifications remain in the sense record", "system": "Hanyu Pinyin", "value": "xué", "senseIds": [ "sense:5B66:2" ], "sourceIds": [ "cc-cedict-20261012" ], "scope": "Only the linked current sense and its checked words." }, { "id": "reading:5B66:yue:1", "characterId": "char:5B66", "language": "yue", "referenceVariety": "Unihan selected Cantonese reading; no per-value locality designation", "system": "Jyutping", "value": "hok6", "senseIds": [], "sourceIds": [ "unihan17", "uax38-17-kcantonese" ], "scope": "This property supplies a customary character reading for collation and transliteration. It does not list every reading or identify the reading for each word and sense. It also does not encode a separate regional label for each value." } ], "forms": [ { "id": "form:65E5:modern", "characterId": "char:65E5", "display": "日", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+65E5", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6708:modern", "characterId": "char:6708", "display": "月", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6708", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6728:modern", "characterId": "char:6728", "display": "木", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6728", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6797:modern", "characterId": "char:6797", "display": "林", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6797", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:68EE:modern", "characterId": "char:68EE", "display": "森", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+68EE", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6C34:modern", "characterId": "char:6C34", "display": "水", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6C34", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:4EBA:modern", "characterId": "char:4EBA", "display": "人", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+4EBA", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:5FC3:modern", "characterId": "char:5FC3", "display": "心", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+5FC3", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:8A00:modern", "characterId": "char:8A00", "display": "言", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+8A00", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:9752:modern", "characterId": "char:9752", "display": "青", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+9752", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6E05:modern", "characterId": "char:6E05", "display": "清", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6E05", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:60C5:modern", "characterId": "char:60C5", "display": "情", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+60C5", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6674:modern", "characterId": "char:6674", "display": "晴", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6674", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:8ACB:modern", "characterId": "char:8ACB", "display": "請", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+8ACB", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:8BF7:modern", "characterId": "char:8BF7", "display": "请", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+8BF7", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:660E:modern", "characterId": "char:660E", "display": "明", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+660E", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6771:modern", "characterId": "char:6771", "display": "東", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6771", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:4E1C:modern", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "display": "东", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+4E1C", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:597D:modern", "characterId": "char:597D", "display": "好", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+597D", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:611B:modern", "characterId": "char:611B", "display": "愛", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+611B", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:7231:modern", "characterId": "char:7231", "display": "爱", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+7231", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:884C:modern", "characterId": "char:884C", "display": "行", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+884C", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:91CD:modern", "characterId": "char:91CD", "display": "重", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+91CD", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:6A02:modern", "characterId": "char:6A02", "display": "樂", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+6A02", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:4E50:modern", "characterId": "char:4E50", "display": "乐", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+4E50", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:767C:modern", "characterId": "char:767C", "display": "發", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+767C", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:53D1:modern", "characterId": "char:53D1", "display": "发", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+53D1", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:9AEE:modern", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "display": "髮", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+9AEE", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:540E:modern", "characterId": "char:540E", "display": "后", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+540E", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:5F8C:modern", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "display": "後", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+5F8C", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:5B78:modern", "characterId": "char:5B78", "display": "學", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "TC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+5B78", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" }, { "id": "form:5B66:modern", "characterId": "char:5B66", "display": "学", "kind": "modern_encoded", "convention": "SC modern serif", "unicodeSequence": "U+5B66", "assetRights": "licensed_modern_font" } ], "decompositions": [ { "id": "decomposition:65E5", "characterId": "char:65E5", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "Treat 日 as a whole component here. Its modern form has an outer rectangle with one horizontal line inside. Recognizing those strokes helps distinguish it from 目, with two inner horizontal lines. Breaking 日 into a box and a line is a description of the present shape; it does not establish two independent historical components.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6708", "characterId": "char:6708", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "月 is treated as a whole component. Its lower opening and two short inner strokes distinguish its modern shape from the closed rectangle of 日. A component that looks like 月 must be identified in context: graphical resemblance alone does not decide whether a particular character belongs to a moon-related historical family.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6728", "characterId": "char:6728", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "For this portrait 木 is a single whole component, with a central upright stroke, a cross-stroke, and two spreading lower strokes. Compare it with 本 and 末 by looking for the added or lengthened horizontal stroke. Those visual comparisons are useful modern analysis; they should not be turned into unsourced stories about how all related characters arose.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6797", "characterId": "char:6797", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:6728", "component:6728" ], "note": "Two 木 components stand side by side. The left component narrows to make room for its neighbor. This modern decomposition agrees with the broad historical account, but exact glyph proportions vary by period and writing convention.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:68EE", "characterId": "char:68EE", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "top-bottom", "parts": [ "component:6728", "component:6797" ], "note": "At the first level, 木 sits above 林; opening 林 reveals two further 木 components. The full form therefore contains three trees, but the atlas should distinguish direct components from components found one level deeper.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6C34", "characterId": "char:6C34", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "The standalone character 水 has a central hooked stroke and strokes to either side. 氵 is a contextual component form commonly placed on the left of another character; it is not a separate word with an invented independent pronunciation. Recognizing the relationship helps you move between standalone 水 and characters containing 氵 while keeping their different written shapes clear.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:4EBA", "characterId": "char:4EBA", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "人 is treated as a single component. Its two strokes spread down from their meeting point. The left-side form 亻 is narrower because it occupies only part of a character square. A graph may contain 人 or 亻 visibly without that observation alone explaining the full character’s origin or pronunciation.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:5FC3", "characterId": "char:5FC3", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "The modern standalone 心 has a curved hook and detached dots. It is treated here as one whole component. 忄 is a common left-side form; the difference is graphical and positional, not a change into a separate everyday word. In 情, the relationship between 心 and 忄 is separate from the historical phonetic role of the other component, 青.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:8A00", "characterId": "char:8A00", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:53E3" ], "note": "A 口-shaped element is visible beneath the upper strokes. This is a deliberately partial modern analysis, not a claim that 口 alone explains the entire graph’s origin. Standalone 言 and a left-side 言 component occupy different amounts of space. 讠 is the simplified component form used in such characters as 请; it is not the simplified spelling of standalone 言.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:9752", "characterId": "char:9752", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "top-bottom", "parts": [ "component:9FB6", "component:6708" ], "note": "For modern visual orientation, 青 can be shown with an upper 龶-shaped part over a 月-shaped lower part. This is a graphical decomposition only. The lower part must not be labeled moon as a historical claim. CUHK’s discussion of earlier forms instead involves 生, 丹, and related historical shapes.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6E05", "characterId": "char:6E05", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:6C35", "component:9752" ], "note": "The modern direct components are 氵 on the left and 青 on the right. The historical roles are separately supported by the CUHK entry: water as the semantic component and 青 as the phonetic component. Indexing 清 under water, noticing its shape, and explaining its historical construction are related but distinct assertions.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:60C5", "characterId": "char:60C5", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:5FC4", "component:9752" ], "note": "忄 occupies the left side; 青 occupies the right. 忄 is a contextual form associated with 心, not an independent everyday word meaning “left-side heart.” CUHK separately supports a semantic role for 心 and a phonetic role for 青.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6674", "characterId": "char:6674", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:65E5", "component:9752" ], "note": "日 is the visible left component and 青 the visible right component. Taiwan’s Ministry of Education confirms the right-hand shape as 青. A full account of how the spelling with 青 developed from other historical spellings remains an explicit research task.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-6674" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:8ACB", "characterId": "char:8ACB", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:8A00", "component:9752" ], "note": "言 is the left component, associated with speech; 青 is on the right. In the historical analysis cited by CUHK, 青 contributes sound. The modern tone of 請 differs from the common qīng reading of 青.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:8BF7", "characterId": "char:8BF7", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:8BA0", "component:9752" ], "note": "The direct visible components are 讠 and 青. Here 讠 corresponds to the left-side 言 of traditional 請. It is a component shape; this page does not assign 讠 an independent spoken-word reading.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:660E", "characterId": "char:660E", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:65E5", "component:6708" ], "note": "日 is on the left and 月 on the right in the modern standard form. This is a graphical description. It must not erase earlier variants whose left-hand shape is discussed differently by paleographers.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6771", "characterId": "char:6771", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:6728", "component:65E5" ], "note": "木-like strokes and a 日-like center can be highlighted as overlapping modern shapes. This is a visual reading aid only, not a historical decomposition. It must not create historical edges claiming that 東 was formed from sun plus tree. Simplified 东 has visibly different strokes while representing the same directional word.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:4E1C", "characterId": "char:4E1C", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "This pilot treats 东 as one abbreviated modern shape. Identifying strokes inside it does not establish independent ancient components. Open 東 for the fuller form and its historical interpretation.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:597D", "characterId": "char:597D", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:5973", "component:5B50" ], "note": "女 is on the left and 子 on the right. The Ministry of Education’s variant dictionary documents early forms with the components in either order. The standardized modern arrangement should not be projected onto every earlier specimen.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-597d" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:611B", "characterId": "char:611B", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:722B", "component:5196", "component:5FC3", "component:590A" ], "note": "These labels describe convenient visible regions of the modern character. 心 is visible in the middle. The other shape labels should not be treated as four independent words whose meanings combine to explain the origin. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-611b" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:7231", "characterId": "char:7231", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:722B", "component:5196", "component:53CB" ], "note": "The present form can be visually grouped into 爫, 冖, and a 友-shaped lower region. This is modern graphical analysis, not a claim that the word means “claw, cover, friend” or that those words explain its origin.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:884C", "characterId": "char:884C", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "left-right", "parts": [ "component:5F73", "component:4E8D" ], "note": "The modern shape can be inspected as 彳 on the left and 亍 on the right. This visible division is distinct from the whole early graph’s interpretation as a road junction. A modern component diagram should therefore not retell the historical origin as two independently meaningful present-day words placed together.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:91CD", "characterId": "char:91CD", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "The foundation treats 重 as one fused modern shape. Several intersecting strokes can be grouped in different ways; those visual groupings should not silently become historical components. The historical dossier supplies a separately sourced analysis.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:6A02", "characterId": "char:6A02", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:5E7A", "component:767D", "component:5E7A", "component:6728" ], "note": "The modern form has a central 白-shaped region flanked by thread-like shapes above 木. These are useful visual labels. The historical function of the central element is disputed in the consulted account; modern appearance alone does not settle it.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:4E50", "characterId": "char:4E50", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "This pilot treats 乐 as one abbreviated modern shape. Its strokes are not assigned separate historical meanings. The more visibly segmented traditional 樂 can be compared alongside it without claiming that every modern stroke corresponds one-to-one.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:767C", "characterId": "char:767C", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:7676", "component:5F13", "component:6BB3" ], "note": "The modern form has an upper 癶-shaped region and lower 弓 and 殳-shaped regions. This visual inventory is separate from the historical account, which discusses earlier bow forms and changing additions.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:53D1", "characterId": "char:53D1", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "single", "parts": [], "note": "发 is treated as one abbreviated modern form. Similar visible strokes are not used to infer a single origin for its different sense groups. The two traditional correspondences remain separate research identities.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:9AEE", "characterId": "char:9AEE", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "top-bottom", "parts": [ "component:9ADF", "component:72AE" ], "note": "髟 is the upper hair-related component, with 犮 underneath. CUHK identifies a phonetic role for 犮 in the later historical form. Do not replace 犮 with the visually similar 友 when inspecting or writing the character.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:540E", "characterId": "char:540E", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:20086", "component:4E00", "component:53E3" ], "note": "The modern shape contains an upper sloping part, a horizontal stroke, and 口 below. This visual decomposition does not explain its relationship to 後, which is a context-dependent writing-system mapping. The radical used for indexing 后 is also separate from the question of how the earliest forms were interpreted.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:5F8C", "characterId": "char:5F8C", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:5F73", "component:5E7A", "component:590A" ], "note": "彳 is on the left, with 幺 and a lower foot-like region on the right. These labels describe the current visible shape. The historical roles of those regions are separately attributed in the discussion below. The lower component is labeled 夊 following Taiwan’s Ministry of Education description; regional glyph conventions may differ.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure", "moe-variants-5f8c" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:5B78", "characterId": "char:5B78", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "complex", "parts": [ "component:26951", "component:723B", "component:5196", "component:5B50" ], "note": "The modern character can be inspected as an upper complex region, a cover-like 冖, and 子 below. The displayed component labels describe visible groupings; they are not by themselves proof of an ancient classroom scene.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] }, { "id": "decomposition:5B66", "characterId": "char:5B66", "scope": "modern_graphical_only", "layout": "top-bottom", "parts": [ "component:2E8D", "component:5196", "component:5B50" ], "note": "A small upper stroke cluster sits above 冖 and 子. This is a modern grouping for inspection, not evidence that the character was created by combining three modern words. The historical analysis belongs to the fuller 學 dossier.", "sourceIds": [ "zimai-structure" ] } ] }