Hanfeizi · 姦劫弒臣第十四
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Original source spelling · punctuation belongs to the digital witness · pronunciation tools follow your language focus.
A route through this passage
39 Han characters · 31 distinct forms · 4 units separated by the witness’s punctuation
- Establish the frame. Read the surrounding chapter. Who speaks, what is being discussed, and which earlier words supply the context?
- Test one unit.
故以私為重人者眾，
Mark a possible predicate and its participants. Record what you have supplied rather than found explicitly in the text. - Reconstruct the argument. Connect the units in your own words. Where does a description, question, contrast, or consequence depend on your interpretation?
Investigate 8 written forms in this passage
Matched by spelling. These are candidate reading procedures, not assigned grammatical analyses.
故以私為重人者眾，Follow an explicit inference ↗故以私為重人者眾，Identify means, basis, and purpose ↗故以私為重人者眾，Name the one, thing, or situation ↗是以主孤於上而臣成黨於下，Follow an explicit inference ↗是以主孤於上而臣成黨於下，Locate a relation ↗Watch recurrence: 以 × 4 者 × 3 而 × 2 於 × 2 成 × 2. Repetition of a graph need not mean repetition of a sense.
Computed from this exact witness · Contextual interpretation awaits editorial review. The guide is a set of reading prompts, not a translation. Sources & methods
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1 · Explain it in your own words
2 · Recover the wording
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3 · Explain, then revisit
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Shared wording
Computed exact phrases in the pinned witnesses. These links do not assign a sense or assert borrowing.
韓非子 · 愛臣第四之所以弒夫燕、宋之所以弒其君者，皆此類也。故上比之殷、周，中比之燕、宋，莫不從此術也。
Follow a connection
Shared teaching construction · an editorial learning connection, not evidence of common authorship or origin.
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Edition, source, and reuse
- Work
- 韓非子 · Hanfeizi
- Attribution
- Traditionally associated with Han Fei; authorship of individual chapters is not uniform or certain.
- Digital witness
- Kanseki Repository · KR3c0005 · base edition tls
- Contributors
- Kanseki Repository (Kanripo) contributors; upstream base-edition labels retained in each original file.
- Source position
- KR3c0005_014.txt, lines 144–148. HF 14.02:10; jiaoshi 214; jishi 245; jiaozhu 127; shiping 474
- Version
55418cf95c05d3bcc35e26bb568cf0a8da957332- Reuse
- CC BY-SA 4.0. Text extraction and teaching additions share this licence.
- Text policy
- Source spelling and punctuation retained. Encoding headers, page markers, paragraph markers, whitespace, and leading section numbers are removed from the reading view. No silent script conversion or textual correction.
- Teaching
- zimai · AI-assisted editorial notes. English renderings are excerpt-level reading aids, not a full published translation. Editorial pilot · not independently reviewed.
Source-file SHA-256: f88bcf6de03cc8b075f7121582cc8d0e655def0ca7ca7ab12e83d0d24e8018d2. A source comment that cites a translator is an upstream reference, not the attribution of a translation imported here.