{"id":"laozi-078-0001","work":"laozi","chapter":"laozi-078","chapterTitle":"第七十八章","chapterNumber":78,"ordinal":1,"text":"天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝，以其無以易之也。弱之勝強，柔之勝剛，天下莫弗知，而莫能行也。是以聖人云：受邦之垢，是謂社稷之主；受邦之不祥，是謂天下之王。正言若反。","source":{"repository":"https://github.com/kanripo/KR5c0057","commit":"8f585085ff4ef2580eeb0f4376a763a62bcc7a95","file":"KR5c0057_078.txt","lineStart":14,"lineEnd":28,"fileSha256":"3509820ce85b71bca44341bc2ff2cf3d659fbd1fcd7110291b6daeb99920ae68","edition":"tls","sourceLabels":["LAO 78.1; tr. D.C. Lau 19i2: 113; here tr. Karlgren 1975"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/kanripo/KR5c0057/blob/8f585085ff4ef2580eeb0f4376a763a62bcc7a95/KR5c0057_078.txt#L14-L28","rawUrl":"/data/classical-0.12.0/sources/KR5c0057/KR5c0057_078.txt","author":"Traditionally attributed to Laozi; composition and textual history are debated.","contributor":"Kanseki Repository (Kanripo) contributors; upstream base-edition labels retained in each original file.","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},"route":"/classical/passage/laozi-078-0001/","notes":[{"id":"r165","passage":"laozi-078-0001","quote":"天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝","focus":"之","start":0,"end":17,"focusStart":14,"topics":["comparison","fronting","zhi-object"],"translation":"Nothing in the world is softer or weaker than water, yet in working against the hard and strong, nothing can surpass it.","note":"於 introduces the comparison standard in the first clause. In 莫之能勝, 之 precedes the modal and verb in a negative environment and refers to water. The apparent weakness and effective action form the paradox; softness should not be reduced to simple inability to act.","question":"What is the referent and position of 之?","answer":"Water, placed before 能勝 in the negative construction.","attribution":{"author":"zimai · AI-assisted editorial notes","status":"Editorial pilot · not independently reviewed","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","revision":"0.12.0"}}],"previous":"laozi-077-0002","next":"laozi-079-0001","nearby":[{"id":"laozi-078-0001","ordinal":1,"text":"天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝，以其無以易之也。弱之勝強，柔之勝剛，天下莫弗知，而莫能行也。是以聖人云：受邦之垢，是謂社稷之主；受邦之不祥，是謂天下之王。正言若反。","annotated":true}],"related":[{"id":"lunyu-001-0001","workTitle":"論語","text":"學而時習之","reason":"Recover the object"},{"id":"lunyu-001-0002","workTitle":"論語","text":"未之有也","reason":"Recover the object"},{"id":"lunyu-001-0008","workTitle":"論語","text":"雖曰未學，吾必謂之學矣","reason":"Recover the object"},{"id":"lunyu-001-0016","workTitle":"論語","text":"未若貧而樂道，富而好禮者也","reason":"Identify a comparison and its standard"}],"knowledge":[],"connections":[{"id":"water-has-more-than-one-lesson","title":"Adaptable water and effective softness","label":"Different contextual senses","reason":"Sunzi compares water’s response to terrain with action adapted to an enemy. Laozi stresses the apparent weakness of water alongside its effect on the hard and strong. The image is shared, but the properties selected for the argument differ."}],"phraseConnections":[{"phrase":"是謂天下","id":"hanfeizi-038-0059","route":"/classical/passage/hanfeizi-038-0059/","workTitle":"韓非子","chapterTitle":"難三第三十八","text":"：「言於室，滿於室；言於堂，滿於堂；是謂天下王。」","cross":true,"frequency":2},{"phrase":"以易之也","id":"mengzi-006-0066","route":"/classical/passage/mengzi-006-0066/","workTitle":"孟子","chapterTitle":"滕文公下","text":"曰：「是何傷哉？彼身織屨，妻辟纑，以易之也。」曰：「仲子、齊之世家也；兄戴，蓋祿萬鍾；","cross":true,"frequency":2},{"phrase":"天下之王","id":"xunzi-012-0028","route":"/classical/passage/xunzi-012-0028/","workTitle":"荀子","chapterTitle":"君道篇第十二","text":"彼其人者，生乎今之世而志乎古之道。以天下之王公莫好之也，然而是子獨好之；以天下之民莫為之也，然而是子獨為之；好之者貧，為之者窮，","cross":true,"frequency":2}],"studyRecord":{"route":"/classical/passage/laozi-078-0001/","text":"天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝，以其無以易之也。弱之勝強，柔之勝剛，天下莫弗知，而莫能行也。是以聖人云：受邦之垢，是謂社稷之主；受邦之不祥，是謂天下之王。正言若反。","kind":"passage","script":"Hant","definitions":["天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝 — Nothing in the world is softer or weaker than water, yet in working against the hard and strong, nothing can surpass it."],"mandarin":"","cantonese":[],"characters":[],"edition":"老子 · 第七十八章 · 1","dataset":"Kanseki Repository · KR5c0057","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","sourceUrl":"https://github.com/kanripo/KR5c0057/blob/8f585085ff4ef2580eeb0f4376a763a62bcc7a95/KR5c0057_078.txt#L14-L28","source":{"line":14,"recordSha256":"73aa855fbfa810252500f400eb08a7b4d9b5bfe54b0401a209ef4d9a417a444b"},"classical":{"author":"Traditionally attributed to Laozi; composition and textual history are debated.","contributor":"Kanseki Repository (Kanripo) contributors; upstream base-edition labels retained in each original file.","source":{"repository":"https://github.com/kanripo/KR5c0057","commit":"8f585085ff4ef2580eeb0f4376a763a62bcc7a95","file":"KR5c0057_078.txt","lineStart":14,"lineEnd":28,"fileSha256":"3509820ce85b71bca44341bc2ff2cf3d659fbd1fcd7110291b6daeb99920ae68","edition":"tls","sourceLabels":["LAO 78.1; tr. D.C. Lau 19i2: 113; here tr. Karlgren 1975"],"sourceUrl":"https://github.com/kanripo/KR5c0057/blob/8f585085ff4ef2580eeb0f4376a763a62bcc7a95/KR5c0057_078.txt#L14-L28","rawUrl":"/data/classical-0.12.0/sources/KR5c0057/KR5c0057_078.txt","author":"Traditionally attributed to Laozi; composition and textual history are debated.","contributor":"Kanseki Repository (Kanripo) contributors; upstream base-edition labels retained in each original file.","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"},"notes":[{"id":"r165","passage":"laozi-078-0001","quote":"天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能勝","focus":"之","start":0,"end":17,"focusStart":14,"topics":["comparison","fronting","zhi-object"],"translation":"Nothing in the world is softer or weaker than water, yet in working against the hard and strong, nothing can surpass it.","note":"於 introduces the comparison standard in the first clause. In 莫之能勝, 之 precedes the modal and verb in a negative environment and refers to water. The apparent weakness and effective action form the paradox; softness should not be reduced to simple inability to act.","question":"What is the referent and position of 之?","answer":"Water, placed before 能勝 in the negative construction.","attribution":{"author":"zimai · AI-assisted editorial notes","status":"Editorial pilot · not independently reviewed","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","revision":"0.12.0"}}],"editorial":{"author":"zimai · AI-assisted editorial notes","status":"Editorial pilot · not independently reviewed","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","revision":"0.12.0"},"interpretationScope":"English is provided only for the quoted teaching excerpt; source passage remains unchanged."}}}